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Peralatan dan Pengelolaan Tambang

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When somebody wants to begin trading forex the preliminary choice they should make is which online broker to make use of. It is essential that a new investor conducts study to discover a broker that is going to give them with a top-notch package as there is a healthy quantity of competition within the forex market to pull in brand-new service. Where brokers could interest a trader is in the price to trade, the degree of trader support they provide as well as obviously what trading system do they use and just how excellent is it.Probably one of the most key element that a brand-new trader could define is the trading platform. They should make sure that it could carry out all of the essential needs without delay and also quickly along with be stable as well as safe, i.e does not maintain crashing or delaying when being made use of.

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Currency trading platforms need to most importantly deal a safety and security for your transferred funds, whether that is $100 or $10,000. One more useful function is the ability to stream real time information for the client to see (unquestionably this applies more to stocks and commodities which trade on a real exchange). This data has to be displayed to make sure that he user could easily and simply locate essential data, for example it should be simple to locate various different currency set listings.The capacity to earn a trade needs to also be straight ahead so there is no chance of putting as well as making a mistake in a sell order when it should have been a buy order or vice versa and afterwards being able to exit the trade easily as well with a clear pip or profit reading on each individual trade.A good added function to a trading platform is the charting software. The far better the charting bundle on the platform the extra accurate the computations that could be carried out. A prominent trading graph duration is the 4 hour graph.

Some extra functions that are worth discussing are systems that could be accessed from mobile gadgets such as PDA's allowing greater flexibility.The software could be either general which indicates that it is developed by a 3rd celebration company and also made use of by numerous different brokerage firms, a prominent example of this currently is MetaTrader 4. Numerous of the makers of additional forex trading programs such as forex robotics and graph indicator plans will have created their products to function straight out of the box on common platforms whereas there could be assimilation concerns with in-house software.

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You may be able to get a well-paying work with only a graduate degree yet an undergraduate degree is essential in lots of areas to increase pay and climb the corporate ladder. While undergraduate degrees imply you have a good level of expertise, masters levels demonstrate not only a dedication to increasing your understanding about your area yet additionally a dedication to boosting on your own.

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  1. The conventional technique for gaining a masters degree has and also most likely constantly will be participating in a brick and mortar college. With increasing popularity, online degree programs have ended up being significant competitors to block and mortar colleges as well as colleges. Unless you proceeded with a graduate degree straight after making an undergraduate degree, returning to earn a masters degree indicates taking time away from job and also your individual life.
  2. The majority of online programs do not adhere to such forced educational program. Online masters degree programs recognize that a great number, if not the excellent majority, or their pupils are permanent professionals, with their own families, hectic with life as well as if they choose to go after a graduate degree demand to do so on their own time. Online programs use that kind of versatility.

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Online programs have typically been likened to diploma mills that hand higher degrees to any individual eager to fork over the money. Masters degree pupils can be assured that the online programs they enlist in are legitimate programs aimed at mentor specialist skills and increasing the potential for higher wages as well as work bankability.

A Fee of Service strategys health insurance quotes will offer settlement for the physicians and also hospital costs. The guaranteed will pay the company a regular monthly premium. Two sort of fee of service strategy exist.

  1. Among them is the basic health insurance which provides to pay the area as well as treatment during confinement, the cost of surgery, in addition to some diagnostic procedures and also the medications. An additional fee of service health care plan consists of paying the price of lasting health problems or injuries.

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Pada saat ini sebagian besar penambangan batubara, dilakukan dengan metode tambang terbuka, setelah digunakannya alat-alat besar yang mempunyai kapasitas muat dan angkut yang besar untuk membuang lapisan tanah penutup (over burden) batubara. Dengan demikian pekerjaan pembuangan lapisan tanah penutup batubara menjadi lebih murah dan menekan biaya ekstraksi batubara. Selain itu presentase batubara yang diambil jauh lebih besar dibanding dengan batubara yang dapat diekstraksi dengan cara penambangan di bawah tanah.

Dalam lingkungan mekanik pertambangan, Peralatan dan Pengelolaan Tambang menempati posisi penting dalam proses penambangan dan kemampuan peralatan sering menjadi kendala produksi yang menentukan kinerja operasi dalam mengekstraksi mineral dan pengolahan. Studi menunjukkan bahwa biaya pemeliharaan peralatan mencapai 30-60 persen dari total biaya operasional secara langsung dalam operasi mekanik dipertambangan. Sedangkan dalam pemeliharaan lingkungan dipertambangan konvensional sering dianggap sebagai kegiatan pendukung tambahan termasuk, pemeliharaan dan manajemen peralatan jelas menjadi hubungan penting dalam rantai nilai suatu pertambangan, dan harus menjadi kompetensi inti dari setiap organisasi pertambangan.

Penambangan batubara dengan metode tambang terbuka saat ini mempunyai keterbatasan yaitu:
  1. Dengan peralatan yang ada pada saat sekarang ini keterbatasan kedalaman lapisan batubara yang dapat ditambang.
  2. Pertimbangan ekonomis antara biaya pembuangan batuan penutup dengan biaya pengambilan batubara
  3. Pengaruh cuaca atau iklim yang buruk dapat menghambat dan menghentikan penambangan

Jenis alat berat yang sering digunakan untuk tambang terbuka yaitu:
1. Dump-truck
Pemuatan – Pengangkutan – Penumpahan – Kembali
2. Bull-dozer
Penancapan blade – penggusuran – Pengangkatan Blade – Memutar
3. Excavator
Penggalian – Ayun bermuatan – Penumpahan – Ayun kosong
4. Dragline
Pelemparan bucket – Pengerukan – Pengangkatan bucket – Ayun bermuatan –
Penumpahan – Ayun kosong

BULLDOZER

1. Alat yang diperlukan
- Pengukur jarak (Met-band)
- Pengukur waktu (Stop-watch)
- Kompas & GPS
- Tabel observasi

2. Data yang diamati
- Jarak gusur dan kondisi lapangan
- Jenis, sifat dan volume material yang digusur
- Waktu edar (CT)
- Dimensi blade
- Perpindahan transmisi

bulldozer Cat D9 T

3. Prosedur Kerja
- Siapkan alat yang diperlukan dan pastikan alat- baik.
- Ukur dimensi blade dari bulldozer
- Amati jenis material yang digusur
- Pada saat bulldozer bekerja amati waktu edar dalam tabel observasi.
- Sewaktu bulldozer selesai menggusur, ukur jarak berada dengan ujung tempat kerja bulldozer
- Lakukan beberapa kali pengamatan, sehingga dinyatakan layak / representatif
- Hitung produktifitas dan efisiensi alat

4. Perhitungan Produksi
- Produksi per-siklus q = L x H 2 x a
dimana :
q : Produksi per siklus (m3)
L : Lebar blade (m)
H : Tinggi blade (m)
a : Faktor blade

5. Waktu Edar
CT = FT + GCTR + RT + GCTF
dimana :
CT : Waktu edar (menit)
FT : Waktu mendorong / maju (menit)
GCTR : Waktu mengganti gigi mundur (menit)
RT : Waktu mundur (menit)
GCTF : Waktu mengganti gigi maju (menit)

6. Produksi per-jam CT
Q = q x 60 x E
dimana :
Q : Produksi per-jam (m3/jam)
q : Produksi per siklus (m3)
CT : Waktu edar (menit) 60 : Konversi jam -> menit
E : Efisiensi kerja

SHOVEL-DOZER DAN WHEEL LOADER

1. Alat yang diperlukan
- Pengukur jarak (Met-band)
- Pengukur waktu (Stop-watch)
- GPS
- Tabel Observasi

2. Data yang diamati
- Jenis, sifat dan kondisi material
- Jarak perpindahan / pengangkutan material
- Waktu edar (CT)
- Dimensi bucket
- Pergerakan alat

whell loader cat

3. Prosedur Kerja
- Siapkan alat yang diperlukan dan pastikan alat-alat tersebut bekerja dengan baik
- Ukur dimensi bucket atau lihat spesifikasi alat bila tidak ada modifikasi
- Amati jenis material yang dikerjakan dan medan kerjanya
- Pada saat wheel-loader bekerja amati waktu edar dan catat hasil pengamatan
- Pencatatan dilakukan saat pemuatan, pengangkutan, penumpahan, kembali.
- Saat pemuatan material, perhatikan faktor pengisian bucket
- Lakukan beberapa kali pengamatan, sehingga dinyatakan hasil pengamatan layak.

4. Perhitungan Produksi
- Produksi per-siklus
q= q x K 1
dimana :
q : Produksi per siklus (m3)
q :1
Kapasitas munjung (lihat spek. alat) (m3)
K : Faktor pengisian bucket

5. Waktu Edar (lihat ilustrasi)
- Pada pemuatan melintang
Pada pemuatan bentuk V
- Pada muat-angkut
dimana :
CT : Waktu edar (menit)
D : Jarak angkut (m)
F : Kecepatan maju (m/menit)
R : Kecepatan mundur (m/menit)
Z : Waktu mengganti gigi persnelling (menit)

EXCAVATOR

1. Alat yang diperlukan
- Pengukur jarak (Met-band)
- Pengukur waktu (Stop-watch)
- GPS
- Tabel Observasi

2. Data yang diamati
- Jenis, sifat dan kondisi material
- Jarak perpindahan / pengangkutan material
- Waktu edar (CT)
- Dimensi bucket
- Pergerakan alat

excavator Cat

3. Prosedur Kerja
- Siapkan alat yang diperlukan dan pastikan alat-alat tersebut bekerja dengan baik
- Ukur dimensi bucket atau lihat spesifikasi alat (bila tidak ada modifikasi)
- Amati jenis material yang dikerjakan
- Pada saat excavator bekerja amati waktu edar dan catat hasil pengamatan
- Pencatatan dilakukan saat penggalian, ayun bermuatan, penumpahan, ayun kosong, dst.
- Pada saat observasi waktu edar, perhatikan pula isi bucket (peres atau munjung)
- Buat perkiraan volumenya relatif terhadap volume bucket).
- Lakukan beberapa kali pengamatan, sehingga dinyatakan hasil pengamatan layak
- Hitung produktifitas dan efisiensi alat

DUMP-TRUCK

1. Alat yang diperlukan
- Pengukur jarak (Met-band / speedo-meter)
- Pengukur waktu (stop-watch)
- Kompas dan GPS
- Alat komunikasi (HT)
- Tabel Observasi

2. Data yang diamati
- Jenis, sifat dan kondisi material
- Jarak perpindahan / pengangkutan material
- Waktu edar (CT)
- Dimensi bucket yang mengisi material dan jumlah pengisian per bak
- Pergerakan alat

dump truck cat793

3. Prosedur Kerja
- Siapkan alat yang diperlukan dan pastikan alat-alat tersebut bekerja dengan baik
- Pastikan anda telah mengetahui dimensi bucket yang bertugas mengisi material
- Amati jenis material yang dikerjakan
- Pada saat excavator mengisi material ke dalam bak dump-truck
- Amati jumlah pengisian bucket dan kondisi bucket (peres atau munjung).
- Amati pula lama waktu pengisian dan catat hasil pengamatan dalam tabel observasi.
- Pencatatan waktu dilakukan saat pengisian (loading time), pengangkutan (hauling time), manuver untuk penumpahan (spotting dumping time), penumpahan (dumping time), perjalanan kembali (return time), manuver untuk pengisian (spotting loading time), dst.
- Lakukan beberapa kali pengamatan, sehingga dinyatakan hasil pengamatan layak
- Hitung produktifitas dan efisiensi alat
- Agar data observasi ini dapat digunakan pula untuk mendapatkan sinkronisasi alat, usahakan awal pengamatan waktu edar dump-truck bersamaan dengan awal pengamatan waktu edar alat gali-muat.


A. Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Tambang

Strip coal miningSumber daya alam yang ditambang termasuk dalam kelompok sumber daya alam yang tidak bisa diperbarui. Sehingga jika kelak sumber daya alam ini habis, maka kita tidak bisa memanfaatkannya lagi. Oleh karena itu, tindakan yang tepat dalam pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam tambang sangatlah penting.

Kegiatan pertambangan meliputi beberapa kegiatan yakni observasi, eksplorasi dan eksploitasi di daerah litosfer maupun di permukaan bumi.
Observasi - merupakan kegiatan pengamatan ke daerah yang diperkirakan secara teoritis mempunyai sumber tambang.
Ekplorasi - merupakan kegiatan penyelidikan tentang keadaan mineral tambang beserta kemungkinannya untuk dimanfaatkan secara ekonomis. Kegiatan eksplorasi terdiri dari 2 macam yakni: 1) penyelidikan tentang banyaknya mineral, persebarannya serta keuntungan ekonomisnya bila dilakukan pengelolaan, 2) Menentukan syarat teknis bilamana akan dilakukan ekploitasi.
Eksploitasi - merupakan kegiatan pengambilan barang tambang. Eksploitasi bisa kita sebut juga sebagai penambangan. Dalam melakukan eksploitasi harus memperhatikan betul-betul tentang teknis dan ketentuan lain yang berlaku.

B. Klasifikasi Barang Tambang

1. Berdasarkan Jenisnya
Berdasarkan jenisnya, barang tambang dapat kita golongkan menjadi 3 macam, yakni:
a. Bahan Galian A (bahan galian strategis)
Untuk barang tambang jenis ini merupakan barang tambang yang sangat penting untuk pertahanan dan keamanan negara serta penting bagi stabilitas ekonomi nasional. Nah pengelolaannya dilakukan oleh pemerintah atau bekerja sama dengan pihak swasta dalam maupun luar negeri. Misalnya pertambangan minyak bumi dan gas yang dilakukan oleh pertamina dengan bekerja sama dengan Caltex, Stanvac, dan Petronas.

b. Bahan Galian B (bahan galian vital)
Jenis barang tambang ini merupakan barang tambang yang bisa memenuhi hajat hidup orang banyak terutama warga sekitar. Pengelolaan jenis barang tambang ini dilakukan oleh masyarakat maupun pihak swasta yang diberi ijin oleh pemerintah.

c. Bahan Galian C (bahan galian untuk industri)
Bahan galian untuk industri antara lain pasir, belerang, batu kapur dll. Pengelolaan barang tambang jenis ini dilakukan oleh masyarakat.

2. Berdasarkan Sifat dan Lokasi Bahan Galian
Berdasarkan sifat dan lokasinya, barang tambang dapat kita golongkan menjadi 3 macam, yakni:
a. Penambangan Terbuka
Penambangan terbuka dilakukan dengan cara membongkar lapisan tanah agar dapat mengambil barang tambang yang letaknya tidak terlalu dalam dari permukaan tanah.

b. Penambangan Tertutup
Penambangan tertutup dilakukan dengan cara membuat sumur atau terowongan yang menembus lapisan batu-batuan karena lokasi barang tambang jauh kedalam dari permukaan bumi.

c. Penambangan Pengeboran
Penambangan pengeboran dilakukan apabila barang tambang tersebut berupa fluida atau cair/gas. Misalnya tambang gas di Sidoarjo.

1. Ekstraksi dan Pembuangan Limbah Batuan

Diperkirakan lebih dari 2/3 kegiatan ekstaksi bahan mineral didunia dilakukan dengan pertambangan terbuka. Teknik tambang terbuka biasanya dilakukan dengan open-pit mining, strip mining, dan quarrying, tergantung pada bentuk geometris tambang dan bahan yang digali.

Ekstrasi bahan mineral dengan tambang terbuka sering menyebabkan terpotongnya puncak gunung dan menimbulkan lubang yang besar. Salah satu teknik tambang terbuka adalah metode strip mining (tambang bidang). Dengan menggunakan alat pengeruk, penggalian dilakukan pada suatu bidang galian yang sempit untuk mengambil mineral. Setelah mineral diambil, dibuat bidang galian baru di dekat lokasi galian yang lama. Batuan limbah yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk menutup lubang yang dihasilkan oleh galian sebelumnya. Teknik tambang seperti ini biasanya digunakan untuk menggali deposit batubara yang tipis dan datar yang terletak didekat permukaan tanah.

Teknik pertambangan quarrying bertujuan untuk mengambil batuan ornamen, bahan bangunan seperti pasir, kerikil, batu untuk urugan jalan, semen, beton dan batuan urugan jalan makadam. Untuk pengambilan batuan ornamen diperlukan teknik khusus agar blok-blok batuan ornamen yang diambil mempunyai ukuran, bentuk dan kualitas tertentu. Sedangkan untuk pengambilan bahan bangunan tidak memerlukan teknik yang khusus. Teknik yang digunakan serupa dengan teknik tambang terbuka.

Tambang bawah tanah digunakan jika zona mineralisasi terletak jauh di dalam tanah sehingga jika digunakan teknik pertambangan terbuka jumlah batuan penutup yang harus dipindahkan sangat besar. Produktifitas tambang tertutup 5 sampai 50 kali lebih rendah dibanding tambang terbuka, karena ukuran alat yang digunakan lebih kecil dan akses ke dalam lubang tambang lebih terbatas.

Kegiatan ekstraksi meng-hasilkan limbah dan produk samping dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak. Total limbah yang diproduksi dapat bervariasi antara 10 % sampai sekitar 99,99 % dari total bahan yang ditambang. Limbah utama yang dihasilkan adalah batuan penutup dan limbah batuan. Batuan penutup (overburden) dan limbah batuan adalah lapisan batuan yang tidak mengandung mineral, yang menutupi atau berada diantara zona mineralisasi atau batuan yang mengandung mineral dengan kadar rendah sehingga tidak ekonomis untuk diolah.

Batuan penutup umumnya terdiri dari tanah permukaan dan vegetasi sedangkan batuan limbah meliputi batuan yang dipindahkan pada saat pembuatan terowongan, pembukaan dan eksploitasi singkapan bijih serta batuan yang berada bersamaan dengan singkapan bijih.

Hal-hal pokok yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian di dalam hal menentukan besar dan pentingnya dampak lingkungan pada kegiatan ekstraksi dan pembuangan limbah adalah:
1. Luas dan kedalaman zona mineralisasi
2. Jumlah batuan yang akan ditambang dan yang akan dibuang yang akan menentukan lokasi dan desain penempatan limbah batuan.
3. Kemungkinan sifat racun limbah batuan
4. Potensi terjadinya air asam tambang
5. Dampak terhadap kesehatan dan keselamatan yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan transportasi, penyimpanan dan penggunaan bahan peledak dan bahan kimia racun, bahan radio aktif di kawasan penambangan dan gangguan pernapasan akibat pengaruh debu.
6. Sifat-sifat geoteknik batuan dan kemungkinan untuk penggunaannya untuk konstruksi sipil (seperti untuk landscaping, dam tailing, atau lapisan lempung untuk pelapis tempat pembuangan tailing).
7. Pengelolaan (penampungan, pengendalian dan pembuangan) lumpur (untuk pembuangan overburden yang berasal dari sistem penambangan dredging dan placer).
8. Kerusakan bentang lahan dan keruntuhan akibat penambangan bawah tanah.
9. Terlepasnya gas methan dari tambang batubara bawah tanah.
Dampak potensial yang timbul sebagai akibat kegiatan ini akan berpengaruh terhadap komponen lingkungan seperti kualitas air dan hidrologi, flora dan fauna, hilangnya habitat alamiah, pemindahan penduduk, hilangnya peninggalan budaya atau situs-situs keagamaan dan hilangnya lahan pertanian serta sumberdaya kehutanan.

2. Pengolahan Bijih dan Operasional Pabrik Pengolahan

Tergantung pada jenis tambang, pengolahan bijih pada umumnya terdiri dari proses benefication – dimana bijih yang ditambang diproses menjadi konsentrat bijih untuk diolah lebih lanjut atau dijual langsung, diikuti dengan pengolahan metalurgi dan refining. Proses benefication umumnya terdiri dari kegiatan persiapan, penghancuran dan atau penggilingan, peningkatan konsentrasi dengan gravitasi atau pemisahan secara magnetis atau dengan menggunakan metode flotasi (pengapungan), yang diikuti dengan pengawaairan (dewatering) dan penyaringan. Hasil dari proses ini adalah konsentrat bijih dan limbah dalam bentuk tailing dan serta emisi debu. Tailing biasanya mengandung bahan kimia sisa proses dan logam berat.

Pengolahan metalurgi bertujuan untuk mengisolasi logam dari konsentrat bijih dengan metode pyrometallurgi, hidrometalurgi atau elektrometalurgi baik dilaku-kan sebagai proses tunggal maupun kombinasi. Proses pyrometalurgi seperti roasting (pembakaran) dan smelting menyebabkan terjadinya gas buang ke atmosfir (sebagai contoh, sulfur dioksida, partikulat dan logam berat) dan slag.

Metode hidrometalurgi pada umumnya menghasilkan bahan pencemar dalam bentuk cair yang akan terbuang ke kolam penampung tailing jika tidak digunakan kembali (recycle). Angin dapat menyebarkan tailing kering yang menyebabkan terja-dinya pencemaran udara. Bahan-bahan kimia yang digunakan di dalam proses pengolahan (seperti sianida, merkuri, dan asam kuat) bersifat berbahaya. Pengangkutan, penyimpanan, penggunaan, dan pembuangannya memerlukan pengawasan ketat untuk mencegah terjadinya gangguan terhadap kesehatan dan keselamatan serta mencegah pencemaran ke lingkungan.

Proses pengolahan batu bara pada umumnya diawali oleh pemisahan limbah dan batuan secara mekanis diikuti dengan pencucian batu bara untuk menghasilkan batubara berkualitas lebih tinggi. Dampak potensial akibat proses ini adalah pembuangan batuan limbah dan batubara tak terpakai, timbulnya debu dan pembuangan air pencuci.

3. Penampungan Tailing, Pengolahan dan Pembuangan

Pengelolaan tailing merupakan salah satu aspek kegiatan pertambangan yang menimbulkan dampak lingkungan sangat penting. Tailing biasanya berbentuk lumpur dengan komposisi 40-70% cairan. Penampungan tailing, pengolahan dan pembuangannya memerlukan pertimbangan yang teliti terutama untuk kawasan yang rawan gempa. Kegagalan desain dari sistem penampungan tailing akan menimbulkan dampak yang sangat besar, dan dapat menjadi pusat perhatian media serta protes dari berbagai lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM).

Pengendalian polusi dari pembuangan tailing selama proses operasi harus memperhatikan pencegahan timbulnya rembesan, pengolahan fraksi cair tailing, pencegahan erosi oleh angin, dan mencegah pengaruhnya terhadap hewan-hewan liar.

Isu-isu penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam evaluasi alternatif pembuangan tailing meliputi :

1. Karakteristik geokimia area yang akan digunakan sebagai tempat penimbunan tailing dan potensi migrasi lindian dari tailing.
2. Daerah rawan gempa atau bencana alam lainnya yang mempengaruhi keamanan lokasi dan desain teknis .
3. Konflik penggunaan lahan terhadap perlindungan ekologi peninggalan budaya, pertanian serta kepentingan lain seperti perlindungan terhadap ternak, binatang liar dan penduduk local.
4. Karakteristik kimia pasir, lumpur, genangan air dan kebutuhan untuk pengolahannya.
5. Reklamasi setelah pasca tambang.
Studi AMDAL juga harus mengevaluasi resiko yang disebabkan oleh kegagalan penampungan tailing dan pemrakarsa harus menyiapkan rencana tanggap darurat yang memadai. Pihak yang bertanggungjawab dalam pelaksanaan tanggap darurat ini harus dinyatakan secara jelas.

4. Pembangunan infrastruktur jalan akses dan pembangkit energi

Kegiatan pembangunan infrastruktur meliputi pembuatan akses di dalam daerah tambang, pembangunan fasilitas penunjang pertambangan, akomodasi tenaga kerja, pembangkit energi baik untuk kegiatan konstruksi maupun kegiatan operasi dan pembangunan pelabuhan. Termasuk dalam kegiatan ini adalah pembangunan sistem pengangkutan di kawasan tambang (misalnya : crusher, ban berjalan, rel kereta, kabel gantung, sistem perpipaan untuk mengangkut tailing atau konsentrat bijih).
Dampak lingkungan, sosial dan kesehatan yang ditimbulkan oleh kegiatan ini dapat bersifat sangat penting dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor sebagai berikut :
1. Letak dan lokasi tambang terhadap akses infrastruktur dan sumber energi.
2. Jumlah kegiatan konstruksi dan tenaga kerja yang diperlukan serta tingkat migrasi pendatang.
3. Letak kawasan konsensi terhadap kawasan lindung dan habitat alamiah, sumber air bersih dan badan air, pemukiman penduduk setempat dan tanah yang digunakan oleh masyarakat adat.
4. Tingkat kerawanan kesehatan penduduk setempat dan pekerja terhadap penyakit menular seperti malaria, AIDS, schistosomiasis.

5. Pembangunan Pemukiman Karyawan Dan Base Camp Pekerja

Kebutuhan tenaga kerja dan kualifikasi yang dibutuhkan untuk kegiatan pertambangan seringkali tidak dapat dipenuhi dari penduduk setempat. Tenaga kerja trampil perlu didatangkan dari luar, dengan demikian diperlukan pembangunan infrastruktur yang sangat besar.

Jika jumlah sumberdaya alam dan komponen-komponen lingkungan lainnya sangat terbatas sehingga tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pendatang, sumberdaya alam akan mengalami degradasi secara cepat. Akibatnya akan terjadi konflik sosial karena persaingan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam. Sebagai contoh, kegiatan pertambangan seringkali dikaitkan dengan kerusakan hutan, kontaminasi dan penurunan penyediaan air bersih, musnahnya hewan liar dan perdagangan hewan langka, serta penyebaran penyakit menular.

6. Decomisioning dan Penutupan Tambang

Setelah ditambang selama masa tertentu cadangan bijih tambang akan menurun dan tambang harus ditutup karena tidak ekonomis lagi. Karena tidak mempertimbangkan aspek lingkungan, banyak lokasi tambang yang ditelantarkan dan tidak ada usaha untuk rehabilitasi. Pada prinsipnya kawasan atau sumberdaya alam yang dipengaruhi oleh kegiatan pertambangan harus dikembalikan ke kondisi yang aman dan produktif melalui rehabilitasi.

Kondisi akhir rehabilitasi dapat diarahkan untuk mencapai kondisi seperti sebelum ditambang atau kondisi lain yang telah disepakati. Namun demikian, uraian di atas tidak menyarankan agar kegiatan rehabilitasi dilakukan setelah tambang selesai. Reklamasi seharusnya merupakan kegiatan yang terus menerus dan berlanjut sepanjang umur pertambangan.

Tujuan jangka pendek rehabilitasi adalah membentuk bentang alam (landscape) yang stabil terhadap erosi. Selain itu rehabilitasi juga bertujuan untuk mengembalikan lokasi tambang ke kondisi yang memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai lahan produktif.

Bentuk lahan produktif yang akan dicapai menyesuaiakan dengan tataguna lahan pasca tambang. Penentuan tataguna lahan pasca tambang sangat tergantung pada berbagai faktor antara lain potensi ekologis lokasi tambang dan keinginan masyarakat serta pemerintah. Bekas lokasi tambang yang telah direhabilitasi harus dipertahankan agar tetap terintegrasi dengan ekosistem bentang alam sekitarnya.

7. Metode Pengelolaaan Lingkungan

Mengingat besarnya dampak yang disebabkan oleh aktifitas tambang, diperlukan upaya-upaya pengelolaan yang terencana dan terukur. Pengelolaan lingkungan di sektor pertambangan biasanya menganut prinsip Best Management Practice. US EPA (1995) merekomendasikan beberapa upaya yang dapat digunakan sebagai upaya pengendalian dampak kegiatan tambang terhadap sumberdaya air, vegetasi dan hewan liar.

Beberapa upaya pengendalian tersebut adalah :
1. Menggunakan struktur penahan sedimen untuk meminimalkan jumlah sedimen yang keluar dari lokasi penambangan
2. Mengembangkan rencana sistim pengedalian tumpahan untuk meminimalkan masuknya bahan B3 ke badan air
3. Hindari kegiatan konstruksi selama dalam tahap kritis
4. Mengurangi kemungkinan terjadinya keracunan akibat sianida terhadap burung dan hewan liar dengan menetralisasi sianida di kolam pengendapan tailing atau dengan memasang pagar dan jaring untuk
5. Mencegah hewan liar masuk kedalam kolam pengendapan tailing
6. Minimalisasi penggunaan pagar atau pembatas lainnya yang menghalangi jalur migrasi hewan liar. Jika penggunaan pagar tidak dapat dihindari gunakan terowongan, pintu-pintu, dan jembatan penyeberangan bagi hewan liar.
7. Batasi dampak yang disebabkan oleh frakmentasi habitat minimalisasi jumlah jalan akses dan tutup serta rehabilitasi jalan-jalan yang tidak digunakan lagi.
8. Larangan berburu hewan liar di kawasan tambang.
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