Makalah Kurikulum Pendidikan

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DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN JUDUL .................................................. i
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................. ii
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................. iii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................ 1
1. Latar Belakang ....................................................... 1
2. Rumusan Masalah .................................................. 1
BAB II PEMBAHASAN ................................................ 2
1. Pengertian Kurikulum ............................................ 2
2. Komponen – Komponen Kurikulum ........................... 4
3. Prinsip - Prinsip Kurikulum .................................... 5
4. Fungsi Kurikulum ................................................... 8
5. Peranan Kurikulum ................................................. 9
6. Macam – Macam Kurikulum .................................... 9
7. Tujuan Kurikulum ................................................ 12
BAB III PENUTUP .................................................. 14
1. Kesimpulan .......................................................... 14
2. Saran ..................................................................... 14
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................ 15

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Puji syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas limpahan rahmat, taufik dan hidayah-Nya serta nikmat sehat sehingga penyusunan makalah “ Kurikulum Pendidikan ” guna memenuhi tugas, sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Shalawat serta salam selalu tercurahkan kepada baginda Nabi Muhammad SAW dan semoga kita selalu berpegang teguh pada sunnahnya Aamiin...

Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu sehingga makalah ini dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.

Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat dan berguna bagi Mahasiswa pada umumnya, dan tidak lupa kami mohon maaf apabila dalam penyusunan makalah ini terdapat kesalahan baik dalam kosa kata ataupun isi dari keseluruhan makalah ini. Kami sebagai penulis sadar bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna dan untuk itu kritik dan saran sangat kami harapkan demi kebaikan kami untuk kedepannya.

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

Kurikulum adalah perangkat mata pelajaran dan program pendidikan yang diberikan oleh suatu lembaga penyelenggara pendidikan yang berisi rancangan pelajaran yang akan diberikan kepada peserta pelajaran dalam satu periode jenjang pendidikan. Penyusunan perangkat mata pelajaran ini disesuaikan dengan keadaan dan kemampuan setiap jenjang pendidikan dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan tersebut serta kebutuhan lapangan kerja.

Perubahan kurikulum dari waktu ke waktu bukan tanpa alasan dan landasan yang jelas, sebab perubahan ini disemangati oleh keinginan untuk terus memperbaiki, mengembangkan, dan meningkatkan kualitas sistem pendidikan nasional. Persekolahan sebagai ujung tombak dalam implementasi kurikulum dituntut untuk memahami dan mengaplikasikannya secara optimal dan penuh kesungguhan, sebab mutu penyelenggaraan proses pendidikan salah satunya dilihat dari hal tersebut. Namun di lapangan, perubahan kurikulum seringkali menimbulkan persoalan baru, sehingga pada tahap awal implementasinya memiliki kendala teknis. Sehingga sekolah sebagai penyelenggara proses pendidikan formal sedikit banyaknya pada tahap awal ini membutuhkan energi yang besar hanya untuk mengetahui dan memahami isi dan tujuan kurikulum baru. Dalam teknis pelaksanaannya pun sedikit terkendala disebabkan perlu adaptasi terhadap perubahan atas kurikulum terdahulu yang sudah biasa diterapkannya.

B. Rumusan Masalah

Apakah pengertian Kurikulum?
Sebutkan komponen komponen kurikulum ?
Sebutkan prinsip – prinsip kurikulum ?
Apa fungsi kurikulum ?
Apa peranan kurikulum ?
Sebutkan macam – macam kurikulum ?
Apa tujuan kurikulum ?

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

1. Pengertian Kurikulum

Pada awal mulanya istilah Kurikulum dalam dunia olah raga khususnya atletik pada zaman Yunani kuno. Curriculum berasal dari bahasa YunaniCurier atau kurir (dalam bahasa Indonesia) yang berarti seseorang yang bertugas menyampaikan sesuatu kepada orang lain di lain tempat. Curere berarti berlari. Kamus Webster tahun 1856 mengartikan “a race course, a place for running, a chariot”. Kurikulum diartikan suatu jarak yang ditempuh oleh pelari. Tapi juga suatu chariot kereta pacu pada zaman dulu, suatu alat yang membawa seseorang dari tempat start ke tempat finish.

Secara terminologi, istilah kurikulum digunakan dalam dunia pendidikan, yaitu sejumlah pengetahuan atau kemampuan yang harus ditempuh atau diselesaikan siswa guna mencapai tingkatan tertentu secara formal dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.

Prof. Dr. S. Nasution, M. A.

Menjelaskan kurikulum sebagai suatu rencana yang disusun untuk melancarkan proses kegiatan belajar mengajar di bawah naungan, bimbingan & tanggunga jawab sekolah / lembaga pendidikan.

Drs. Cece Wijaya,dkk

Mengartikan kurikulum dalam arti yang luas yakni meliputi keseluruhan program dan kehidupan didalam sekolah.

Kerr, J. F (1968)

Pengertian kurikulum ialah sebuah pembelajaran yang dirancang dan juga dilaksanakan dengan individu serta juga berkelompok baik itu di luar ataupun di dalam sekolah.

Neagley dan Evans (1967)

Pengertian kurikulum ialah semua pengalaman yang telah dibangung atau dirancang oleh pihak sekolah untuk dapat menolong para siswa didalam mencapai hasil belajar kepada kemampuan siswa yang paling baik.

Good V. Carter (1973)

Pengertian kurikulum ialah kelompok pengajaran yang sistematik atau juga urutan subjek yang dipersyaratkan untuk dapat lulus atau juga sertifikasi dalam pelajaran mayor.

George A. Beaucham (1976)

Pengertian kurikulum ialah suatu dokumen tertulis yang didalamnya terkandung isi mata pelajaran yang akan diajar kepada peserta didik(murid) dengan melalui berbagai mata pelajaran, pilihan disiplin ilmu, rumusan masalah yang dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Grayson (1978)

Pengertian kurikulum ialah suatu perencanaan untuk mendapatkan suatu pengeluaran (out-comes) yang diharapkan dari suatu pembelajaran.

Murray Print

Pengertian kurikulum ialah sebuah ruang pembelajaran yang sudah terencana diberikan secara langsung kepada siswa oleh sebuah lembaga pendidikan dan juga pengalaman yang dapat dinikmati oleh semua siswa pada saat kurikulum tersebut diterapkan.

UU. No. 20 Tahun 2003

Pengertian kurikulum ialah suatu perangkat rencana dan juga pengaturan tentang tujuan, isi, dan juga bahan pengajaran dan cara yang digunakan ialah sebagai suatu pedoman didalam suatu penyelenggaraan kegiatan dalam pembelajaran untuk dapat mencapai suatu tujuan pendidikan nasional.

Dr. H. Nana Sudjana Tahun (2005)

Kurikulum merupakan niat & harapan yang dituangkan kedalam bentuk rencana maupun program pendidikan yang dilaksanakan oleh para pendidik di sekolah. Kurikulum sebagai niat & rencana, sedangkan pelaksaannya adalah proses belajar mengajar.

2. Komponen Kurikulum

Kurikulum merupakan suatu sistem yang memiliki komponen – komponen tertentu. Sistem kurikulum terbentuk oleh empat komponen, yaitu : komponen tujuan, isi kurikulum, komponen metode atau strategi pencapaian tujuan, dan komponen evaluasi. Sebagai suatu sistem, setiap komponen harus saling berkaitan satu sama lain. Manakala salah satu komponen yang membentuk sistem kurikulum terganggu atau tidak berkaitan dengan komponen lainnya, maka sistem kurikulum secara keseluruhan juga akan tergganggu.

1. Komponen Tujuan

Komponen tujuan berhubungan dengan arah atau hasil yang diharapkan. Dalam skala makro, rumusan tujuan kurikulum erat kaitannya dengan filsafat atau sistem nilai yang dianut masyarakat. Bahkan, rumusan tujuan yang menggambarkan suatu masyarakat yang di cita – citakan, misalkan, filsafat atau sistem nilai yang dianut masyarakat Indonesia adalah pancasila, maka tujuan yang diharapkan tercapai oleh suatu kurikulum adalah terbentuknya masyarakat yang pancasilais. Dalam skala mikro, tujuan kurikulum berhubungan dengan misi dan visi sekolah serta tujuan yang lebih sempit, seperti tujuan setiap mata pelajaran dan tujuan proses pembelajaran.

2. Komponen Isi/ Materi Pelajaran

Isi kurikulum merupakan komponen yang berhubungan dengan pengalaman belajar yang harus dimiliki siswa. Isi kurikulum itu menyangkut semua aspek baik yang berhubungan dengan pengetahuan atau materi pelajaran yang biasanya tergambarkan pada isi setiap materi pelajaran yang diberikan maupun aktivitas dan kegiatan siswa. Baik materi maupun aktivitas itu seluruhnya diarahkan untuk mencapai tujuan yang ditentukan.

3. Komponen Metode/ Strategi

Strategi dan metode merupakan komponen ketiga dalam pengembangan kurikulum. Komponen ini merupakan komponen yang memiliki peran yang sangat penting, sebab berhubungan dengan implementasi kurikulum. Bagaimana bagus dan idealnya tujuan yang harus dicapai tanpa strategi yang tepat untuk mencapainya, maka maka tujuan itu tidak mungkin dapat tercapai. Strategi meliputi rencana, metode dan perangkat kegiatan yang direncanakan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Sejalan dengan pendapat diatas, T. Rajakoni mengartikan strategi pembelajaran sebagai pola dan urutan umum perbuatan guru-siswa dalam mewujudkan kegiatan belajar mengajar untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditentukan.

Dari kedua pengertian diatas, ada dua hal yang patut kita cermati. Pertama, strategi pembelajaran merupakan rencana tindakan (rangkaian kegiatan) termasuk penggunaan metode dan pemanfaatan berbagai sumber daya/kekuatan dalam pembelajaran. Ini berarti penyusunan atau strategi baru sampai pada proses penyusunan rencana kerja, belum sampai pada tindakan. Kedua, strategi disusun untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. artinya, arah dari semua keputusan penyusunan strategi adalah pencapaian tujuan. Dengan demikian penyusunan langkah – langkah pembelajaran, pemanfaatan berbagai fasilitas dan sumber belajar semuanya diarahkan dalam upaya pencapaian tujuan.

Upaya untuk mengimplementasikan rencana yang sudah disusun dalam kegiatan nyata agar tujuan yang telah disusun tercapai secara optimal, dinamakan metode. Ini berarti metode digunakan untuk merealisasikan strategi yang telah ditetapkan. Dengan demikian, bisa jadi satu strategi pembelajaran digunakan beberapa metode. Misalnya untuk melaksanakan strategi ekspositori bisa digunakan metode ceramah sekaligus metode tanya jawab atau bahkan diskusi dengan pemanfaatan sumber daya yang tersedia termasuk menggunakan media pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu, strategi berbeda dengan metode. Strategi menunjuk pada a plan of operation achieving something, sedangkan metode adalah a way in achieving something.

4. Komponen Evaluasi

Evaluasi merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari kurikulum. Melalui evaluasi, dapat ditentukan nilai dan arti kurikulum sehingga dapat dijadikan bahan pertimbangan apakah suatu kurikulum perlu dipertahankan atau tidak, dan bagian – bagian mana yang harus disempurnakan. Evaluasi merupakan komponen untuk melihat efektivitas pencapaian tujuan. Dalam konteks kurikulum, evaluasi dapat berfungsi untuk mengetahui apakah tujuan yang telah ditetapkan telah tercapai atau belum, atau evaluasi digunakan sebagai umpan balik dalam perbaikan strategi yang ditetapkan. Kedua fungsi tersebut menurut Scriven (1967) adalah evaluasi sebagai fungsi sumatif dan evaluasi sebagai fungsi formatif. Evaluasi sebagai alat untuk melihat keberhasilan pencapaian tujuan dapat dikelompokkan kedalam dua jenis, yaitu tes dan nontes.

3. Prinsip Kurikulum
Sejumlah prinsip yang dianggap penting dan menjadi pedoman pada saat ini pada umumnya.

1. Prinsip Relevansi

Kurikulum merupakan rel-nya pendidikan untuk membawa siswa agar dapat hidup sesuai dengan nilai-nilai yang ada di masyarakat serta membekali siswa baik dalam bidang pengetahuan, sikap maupun keterampilan sesuai dengan tuntutan dan harapa masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu, pengalaman-pengalaman belajar yang disusun dalam kurikulum harus relevan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat.

a. Relevansi Internal
Relevansi internal adalah bahwa setiap kurikulum harus memiliki keserasian antara komponen-komponennya, yaitu keserasian yang harus dicapai, isi, materi atau pengalaman belajar yang harus dimiliki siswa, strategi atau metode yang digunakan serta alat penilaian untuk melihat ketercapaian tujuan. Relevansi ini menunjukkan keutuhan suatu kurikulum.

b. Relevansi Eksternal
Relevansi Eksternal, berkaitan dengan keserasian antara tujuan, isi dan proses belajar siswa yang tercakup dalam kurikulum dengan kebutuhan dan tuntutan masyarakat. Ada tiga macam relevansi eksternal yaitu :

Relevan dengan lingkungan hidup peserta didik. Artinya, bahwa proses pengembangan dan penetapan isi kurikulum hendaknya disesuaikan dengan kondisi lingkungan sekitar siswa. Contohnya untuk siswa yang ada di perkotaan perlu diperkenalkan kehidupan di lingkungan kota, seperti keramaian dan rambu-rambu lalu lintas, tata cara dan pelayan jasa bank, kantor pos dsb. Begitu juga untuk sekolah yang berada di lingkungan pantai, seperti mengenai tambak, kehidupan nelayan, koperasi, pembibitan udang, dsb.

Relevan dengan perkembangan zaman baik sekarang maupun dengan yang akan datang. Artinya, isi kurikulum harus sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi yang sedang berkembang. Selain itu juga apa yang diajarkan kepada siswa harus bermanfaat untuk kehidupan siswa pada waktu yang akan datang. Misalkan untuk kehidupan yang akan datang, penggunaan computer dan internet menjadi salah satu kebutuhan, maka dengan demikian bagaimana cara memanfaatkan computer dan bagaimana cara mendapatkan informasi dari internet sudah harus diperkenalkan kepada siswa. Demikian juga dengan kemapuan berbahasa. Pada masa yang akan datang ketika pasar bebas seperti persetujuan APEC mulai berlaku, maka masyarakat akan dihadapkan kepada persaingan merebut pasar kerja dengan orang-orang asing. Oleh karenanya keterampilan berbahasa asing sudah harus mulai dipupuk sejak sekarang.

Relevan dengan tuntutan dunia pekerjaan. Artinya, bahwa apa yang diajarkan di sekolah harus mampu memenuhi dunia kerja. Untuk sekolah kejuruan contohnya, kalau dahulu di Sekolah Kejuruan Ekonomi dilatih bagaimana agar siswa mampu menggunakan mesin tik sudah tidak banyak digunakan, akan tetapi yang lebih banyak digunakan computer. Dengan demikian, keterampilan mengoperasikan computer harus diajarkan. Demikian jugahalnya dengan tuntutan dunia kerja kepariwisataan, perbankan, asuransi, perhotelan dsb, isi kurikulum harus menyesuaikan dengan tuntutan pekerjaan pekerjaan di setiap bidang.

2. Prinsip Fleksibilitas
Apa yang diharapkan dalam kurikulum ideal kadan-kadang tidak sesuai dengan kondisi kenyataanyang ada. Bisa saja ketiksesuaian itu ditunjukkan oleh kemampuan guru yang kurang,latar belakang atau kemampuan dasar siswa yang rendah, atau mungkin sarana dan prasarana yang ada di sekolah tidak memadai.

Maka kurikulum harus bersifat lentur dan fleksibel. Artinya, kurikulum itu harus bisa dilaksanakan sesuai dengan kondisi yang ada. Kurikulum yang kaku atau tidak fleksibel akan sulit diterapkan.
Prinsip fleksibilitas memiliki dua sisi :

a. Fleksibel bagi guru, artinya kurikulum harus memberikan ruang gerak bagu guru untuk mengembangkan program pengajarannya sesuai dengan kondisi yang ada.

b. Fleksibel bagi siswa, artinya kurikulum harus menyediakan berbagai kemungkinan program pilihan sesuai dengan bakat dan minat siswa.

3. Prinsip Kontinuitas
Prinsip ini mengandung pengertian bahwa perlu dijaga saling keterkaitan dan kesinambungan antara materi pelajaran pada berbagai jenjang dan jenis program pendidikan. Dalam penyusunan materi pelajaran

4. Efektifitas
Prinsip efektifitas berkenaan dengan rencana dalam suatu kurikulum dapat dilaksanakan dan dapat dicapai dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar. Terdapat dua sisi efektifitas dalam suatu pengembangan kurikulum yaitu :

Efektifitas berhubungan dengan kegiatan guru dalam melaksanakan tugas mengimplementasikan kurikulum di dalam kelas. Contoh, apabila guru menetapkan dalam satu senmester harus menyelesaikan 12 program pembelajaran sesuai dengan pedoman kurikulum, ternyata dalam jangka waktu tersebut hanya dapat menyelesaikan 4 atau 5 program saja, berarti dapat dikatakan bahwa pelaksanaan program itu tidak efektif.

Efektifitas kegiatan siswa dalam melaksanakan kegiatan belajar. Maksudnya sejauh mana siswa dapat mencapai tujuan yang telah ditentukan sesuai dengan jangka waktu tertentu. Contoh, apabila ditetapkan dalam satu semester siswa harus dapat mencapai sejumlah tujuan pembelajaran, ternyata hanya sebagian saja dapat dicapai siswa, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa proses pembelejaran siswa tidak efektif.

5. Efisiensi
Prinsip efisiensi berhubungan dengan pernbandingan antara tenaga, waktu, suara, dan biaya yang dikeluarkan dengan hasil yang diperoleh. Kurikulum dikatakan memiliki tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi apabila dengan sarana, biaya yang minimal dan waktu yang terbatas dapat memperoleh hasil yang maksimal. Betapa pun bagus dan idealnya suatu kurikulum, manakala menuntut peralatan, sarana dan prasarana yang sangat khusus serta mahal pula harganya, maka kurikulum itu tidak praktis dan sukar untuk dilaksanakan. Kurikulum harus dirancang untuk dapat digunakan dalam segala keterbatasan.

Pengembangan kurikulum sekolah di Indonesia mengikuti prinsip-prinsip pengembangan kurikulum yang berbeda, namun sasaran yang hendak dicapai adalah sama , yaitu dalam rangka mewujudkan cita-cita pembangunan nasional pada umumnya dan tujuan pendidikan nasional pada khususnya dengan berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945.

4. Fungsi Kurikulum

Secara umum fungsi kurikulum adalah sebagai alat untuk membantu peserta didik untuk mengembangkan pribadinya ke arah tujuan pendidikan. Kurikulum itu segala aspek yang mempengaruhi peserta didik di sekolah, termasuk guru dan sarana serta prasarana lainnya. Kurikulum sebagai program belajar bagi siswa, disusun secara sistematis dan logis,diberikan oleh sekolah untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan. Sebagai program belajar, kurikulum adalah niat, rencana dan harapan.Menurut Alexander Inglis, fungsi kurikulum meliputi :

Fungsi Penyesuaian, karena individu hidup dalam lingkungan , sedangkan lingkungan tersebut senantiasa berubah dan dinamis, maka setiap individu harus mampu menyesuaikan diri secara dinamis. Dan di balik lingkungan pun harus disesuaikan dengan kondisi perorangan, disinilah letak fungsi kurikulum sebagai alat pendidikan menuju individu yang well adjusted.
Fungsi Integrasi, kurikulum berfungsi mendidik pribadi-pribadi yang terintegrasi. Oleh karena individu itu sendiri merupakan bagian integral dari masyarakat, maka pribadi yang terintegrasi itu akan memberikan sumbangan dalam rangka pembentukan atau pengintegrasian masyarakat.
Fungsi Deferensiasi, kurikulum perlu memberikan pelayanan terhadap perbedaan- perbedaan perorangan dalam masyarakat. Pada dasarnya deferensiasi akan mendorong orang berpikir kritis dankreatif, dan ini akan mendorong kemajuan sosial dalam masyarakat.
Fungsi Persiapan, kurikulum berfungsi mempersiapkan siswa agar mampu melanjutkan studi lebih lanjut untuk jangkauan yang lebih jauh atau terjun ke masyarakat. Mempersiapkan kemampuan sangat perlu, karena sekolah tidak mungkin memberikan semua apa yang diperlukan atau semua apa yang menarik minat mereka.
Fungsi Pemilihan, antara keperbedaan dan pemilihan mempunyai hubungan yang erat.Pengakuan atas perbedaan berarti pula diberikan kesempatan bagi seseorang untuk memilih apa yang dinginkan dan menarik minatnya. Ini merupakan kebutuhan yang sangat ideal bagi masyarakat yang demokratis, sehingga kurikulum perlu diprogram secara fleksibel.
Fungsi Diagnostik, salah satu segi pelayanan pendidikan adalah membantu dan mengarahkan para siswa agar mereka mampu memahami dan menerima dirinya sehingga dapat mengembangkan semua potensi yang dimiliki.Ini dapat dilakukan bila mereka menyadari semua kelemahan dan kekuatan yang dimiliki melalui eksplorasi dan prognosa. Fungsi kurikulum dalam mendiagnosa dan membimbing siswa agar dapat mengembangkan potensi siswa secara optimal.

Sedangkan fungsi praksis dari kurikulum adalah meliputi :

Fungsi bagi sekolah yang bersangkutan yakni sebagai alat untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan pendidikan yang diinginkan dan sebagai pedoman dalam mengatur kegiatan pendidikan sehari-hari.

Fungsi bagi sekolah yang diatasnya adalah untuk menjamin adanya pemeliharaan keseimbangan proses pendidikan.

Fungsi bagi masyarakat dan pemakai lulusan.

5. Peranan Kurikulum

Kurikulum bagi program pendidikan dimana sekolah sebagai institusi social melaksanakan oprerasinya, paling tidak dapat ditentukan 3 jenis kurikulum :

Peranan Konservatif Menekankan bahwa kurikulum itu dapat dijadikan sebagai sarana untuk mentramisikan nilai-nilai warisan budaya masa lalu yang dianggap masih relevan dengan masa kini bagi generasi muda.
Peranan Kritis dan evaluative Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan aspek-aspek lainnya senantiasa terjadi setiap saat. Peranan kreatif menekankan bahwa kurikulum harus mampu mengembangkan sesuatu yang baru sesuai dengan perkembangan.
Peranan Aktif Peranan ini dilatar belakangi oleh adanya kenyataan bahwa nilai-nilai dan budaya yang hidup dalam masyarakat senantiasa mengalami perubahan. Sehingga pewarisan dan nilai-nilai budaya masa lalu.kepada siswa perlu disesuaikan dengan masa sekarang.

6. Macam - Macam Kurikulum

Ditinjau dari konsep dan pelaksanaannya, kita mengenal beberapa istilah kurikulum sebagai berikut:

Kurikulum ideal

yaitu kurikulum yang berisi sesuatu yang ideal, sesuatu yang dicita-citakan sebagaimana yang tertuang di dalam dokumen kurikulum.

Kurikulum aktual

yaitu kurikulum yang dilaksanakan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Kenyataan pada umumnya memang jauh berbeda dengan harapan. Namun demikian, kurikulum aktual seharusnya mendekati dengan kurikulum ideal. Kurikulum dan pengajaran merupakan dua istilah yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Kurikulum merujuk kepada bahan ajar yang telah direncanakan yang akan dilaksanakan dalam jangka panjang. Sedang pengajaran merujuk kepada pelaksanaan kurikulum tersebut secara bertahap dalam belajar mengajar.

Kurikulum tersembunyi (hidden curriculum)

yaitu segala sesuatu yang terjadi pada saat pelaksanaan kurikulum ideal menjadi kurikulum faktual. Segala sesuatu itu bisa berupa pengaruh guru, kepala sekolah, tenaga administrasi, atau bahkan dari peserta didik itu sendiri. Kebiasaan guru datang tepat waktu ketika mengajar di kelas, sebagai contoh, akan menjadi kurikulum tersembunyi yang akan berpengaruh kepada pembentukan kepribadian peserta didik.
Berdasarkan struktur dan materi mata pelajaran yang diajarkan, kita dapat membedakan:

Kurikulum terpisah-pisah (separated curriculum)

Kurikulum ini menyajikan segala bahan pelajaran dalam berbagai macam mata pelajaran yang terpisah-pisah satu sama lain, seakan-akan ada batas pemisah antara mata pelajaran satu dengan yang lain, juga antara kelas yang satu dengan kelas yang lain.

Beberapa hal positif dari separated curriculum ini adalah : Bahan pelajaran disajikan secara sistematis dan logis dapat dilaksanakan untuk mewariskan nilai-nilai budaya terdahulu.
Kurikulum ini mudah diubah dan dikembangkan.

Bentuk kurikulum ini mudah dipola, dibentuk, didesain bahkan mudah untuk diperluas dan dipersempit sehingga mudah disesuaikan dengan waktu yang ada.

Sedangkan beberapa kritik terhadap kurikulum ini antara lain: Mata pelajaran terlepas-lepas satu sama lain. Tidak atau kurang memperhatikan masalah yang dihadapi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Dari sudut psikologis, kurikulum demikian mengandung kelemahan: banyak terjadi verbalitas dan menghafal serta makna tujuan pelajaran kurang dihayati oleh anak didik. Kurikulum ini cenderung statis dan ketinggalan dari perkembangan zaman

Kurikulum terpadu (integrated curriculum)

Dalam kurikulum terpadu atau terintergrasi, batas-batas diantara mata pelajaran sudah tidak terlihat sama sekali, karena semua mata pelajaran sudah dirumuskan dalam bentuk masalah atau unit. Ciri-ciri kurikulum terintegrasi ini antara lain : Berdasarkan filsafat pendidikan demokrasi, berdasarkan psikologi belajar gestalt dan organismik, berdasarkan landasan sosiologis dan sosiokultural, berdasarkan kebutuhan, minat dan tingkat perkembangan atau pertumbuhan siswa. Bentuk kurikulum ini tidak hanya ditunjang oleh semua mata pelajaran atau bidang studi yang ada, tetapi lebih luas. Bahkan mata pelajaran baru dapat saja muncul dan dimanfaatkan guna pemecahan masalah. Sistem penyampaian menggunakan sistem pengajaran unit, baik pengalaman (experience) atau pelajaran (subject matter unit). Peran guru sama aktifnya dengan peran murid. Guru selaku pembimbing.
Beberpa manfaat kurikulum terpadu ini antara lain:
a) Segala sesuatu yang dipelajari anak merupakan unit yang bertalian erat, bukan fakta yang terlepas satu sama lain.
b) Kurikulum ini sesuai dengan pendapat-pendapat modern tentang belajar, murid dihadapkan kepada masalah yang berarti dalam kehidupan mereka.
c) Kurikulum ini memungkinkan hubungan yang erat antara sekolah dengan masyarakat.
d) Aktifitas anak-anak meningkat karena dirangsang untuk berpikir sendiri dan berkerja sendiri, atau kerjasama dengan kelompok.
e) Kurikulum ini mudah disesuaikan dengan minat, kesanggupan dan kematangan murid.
Keberatan-keberatan yang dilontarkan pada pelaksanaan kurikulum terpadu ini adalah:
a) Guru belum siap untuk melaksanakan kurikulum ini
b) Kurikulum ini tidak mempunyai organisasi yang sitematis
c) Kurikulum ini memberatkan guru
d) Kurikulum ini tidak memungkinkan ujian umum, sebab tidak ada unformitas di sekolah- sekolah satu sama lain
e) Anak-anak diragukan untuk bisa diajak menentukan kurikulum
f) Pada umumnya kondisi sekolah masih kekurangan alat-alat untuk melaksanakan kurikulum ini.

Kurikulum terkorelasi (corelated curriculum)

Yaitu kurikulum yang menekankan perlunya hubungan diantara dua atau lebih mata pelajaran tanpa menghilangkan batas-batas setiap mata pelajaran. Misalnya Sejarah dan Ilmu Bumi dapat diajarkan untuk saling memperkuat.Ada tiga jenis korelasi yang sifatnya bergantung dari jenis mata pelajaran. Korelasi faktual, misalnya sejarah dan kesusastraan. Fakta-fakta sejarah disajikan melalui penulisan karangan sehingga menambah kemungkinan menikmati bacaannya oleh siswa. Korelasi deskriptif, korelasi ini dapat dilihat pada penggunaan generalisasi yang berlaku untuk dua atau lebih mata pelajaran. Misal psikologi dapat berkorelasi dengan sejarah atau Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dengan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip yang ada dalam psikologi untuk menerangkan kejadian-kejadian sosial. Korelasi normatif, hampir sama denagan korelasi deskriptif, perbedaannya terletak pada prinsipnya yang bersifat moral sosial. Sejarah dan kesusastraan dapat dikorelasikan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip moral sosial dan etika.
Berdasarkan pengembangnya dan penggunaannya, kurikulum dapat dibedakan menjadi:

Kurikulum nasional (national curriculum)

yakni kurikulum yang disusun oleh tim pengembang tingkat nasional dan digunakan secara nasional.

Kurikulum negara bagian (state curriculum)

yakni kurikulum yang disusun oleh masing-masing negara bagian, misalnya di masing-masing negara bagian di Amerika Serikat.

Kurikulum sekolah (school curriculum)

yakni kurikulum yang disusun oleh satuan pendidikan sekolah. Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) merupakan kurikulum sekolah. Kurikulum sekolah lahir dari keinginan untuk melakukan diferensiasi dalam kurikulum.

7. Tujuan Kurikulum

Tujuan kurikulum pada dasarnya merupakan tujuan setiap program pendidikan yang diberikan kepada anak didik, Karena kurikulum merupakan alat antuk mencapai tujuan, maka kurikulum harus dijabarkan dari tujuan umum pendidikan.

Dalam sistem pendidikan di Indonesia tujuan pendidikan bersumber kepada falsafah Bangsa Indonesia. Di Indonesia ada 4 tujuan utama yang secara hirarki sebagai baerikut:

a. Tujuan Nasional
Dalam Undang-undang No. 2 tahun 1980 tentang sistem Pendidikan Nasional rumusan tujuan pendidikan nasional disebutkan Pendidikan Nasional bertujuan mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa dan mengembangkan manusia indonesia seutuhnya yaitu manusia yang beriman dan bertaqwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan berbudi pekerti luhur, memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan. Kesehatan asmani dan rohani, kepribadian yang mantap dan mandiri serta rasa tariggung jawab kemasyarakatan dan kebangsaan. Dari tujuan nasional kemudian dijabarkan ke dalam tujuan insitusional/ lembaga, tujuan kurikuler, sampai kepada tujuan insfruksional dengan penjabaran sebagai berikut:

b. Tujuan Intitusional
Tujuan institusional adalah tujuan yang harus dicapai oleh suatu lembaga pendidikan, umpamanya MI. MTs, MA, SD, SMP, SMA, dan sebagainya. Artinya apa yang harus dimiliki anak didik setelah menamatkan lembaga pendidikan tersebut, Sebagai contoh, kemampuan apa yang harus dimiliki anak didik setelah menamatkan lembaga pendidikan iersebut. Sebagai contoh, kemampuan apa yang diharapkan dimiliki oleh anak yang tamat MI, MTs, atau Madrasah Aliyah. Rumusan tujuan institusional harus merupakan penjabaran dan tujuan umum (riasional), harus memiliki kesinambungan antara satu jenjang pendidikan tinggi dengan jenjang Iainnya (MI, MTs, dan MA sampal ke IAIN/ perguruan tinggi). Tujuan institusional juga harus memperhatikan fungsi dan karakter dari lembaga pendidikannya, seperti lembaga pendidikan umum, pendidikan guru dan sebagainya.

c. Tujuan Kurikuler
Tujuan kurikuler adalah penjabaran dan tujuan kelembagaan pendidikan (tujuan institusiorial). Tujuan kurikuler adalah tujuan di bidang studi atau mata pelajaran sehingga mencerminkan hakikat keilmuan yang ada di dalamnya. Secara oerasional adalah rumusan kemampuan yang diharapkan dapat dimiliki anak didik setelah mempelajari suatu mata pelajaran atau bidang studi tersebut.

d. Tujuan Instruksional
Tujuan instruksional dijabarkan dari tujuan kurikuler. Tujuan ini adalah tujuan yang langsung dihadapkan kepada anak didik sebab hrus dicapai oIeh mereka setelah menempuh proses belajar-mengajar. Oleh karena itu tujuan instruksional dirumuskan sebagai kemampuan-kemampuan yang diharapkan dapat dimiliki oleh anak didik setelah mereka menyelesaikan proses belajar-mengajar. Ada dua jenis tujuan institusional, yaitu tujuan instruksional umum (TIU) dan tujuan instruksional khusus (TIK). Perbedaan kedua tujuan tersebut terletak dalam hal kemampuan yang diharapkan dikuasai anak didik. Pada TIU sifatnya lebih luas dan mendalam, sedangkan TIK lebih terbatas dan harus dapat diukur pada saat berlangsungnya proses belajar-mengajar. Dengan demikian TIK harus lebih operasional dan mudah dilakukan pengukuran.

BAB III

PENUTUP

1. Kesimpulan

Meskipun banyak definisi kurikulum yang satu dengan yang lain saling berbeda, dikarenakan dasar filsafat yang dianut oleh para penulis berbeda-beda. Walaupun demikian ada kesamaan satu fungsi, yaitu bahwa kurikulum adalah alat untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan. Kurikulum mengandung sekian banyak unsur konstruktif supaya pembelajaran berjalan dengan optimal. Sejumlah pakar kurikulum berpendapat bahwa jantung pendidikan berada pada kurikulum. Baik dan buruknya hasil pendidikan ditentukan oleh kurikulum, apakah mampu membangun kesadaran kritis terhadap peserta didik ataukah tidak. Dengan demikian, kurikulum memegang peran penting bagi keberhasilan sebuah pendidikan dan bagi peserta didik.

2. Saran

Sesuai dengan perkembangan dan ilmu pengetahuan sebaiknya kurikulum disesuaikan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Kurikulum perlu dikembangkan secara dinamis sesuai dengan tuntutan dan perubahan yang terjadi di masyarakat. Perubahan kurikulum harus mengacu pada sumber hukum yaitu pancasila dan Undang-undang dasar 1945.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

https://id.wikipedia . org/wiki/Kurikulum

https://subhaniain.wordpress . com/2013/11/22/kurikulum-pendidikan/

http://www.idsejarah . net/2014/01/fungsi-dan-peranan-kurikulum.html

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