Pembentukan atau Genesa Nikel Laterit
Get a Free Car Insurance Quote Online From Any Auto Insurance Company
You must be able to obtain a cost-free car insurance quote online from any auto insurance company with a website, as well as most of them do these days. If any company tries to bill you for an online quote, don't trouble dealing with them.What should you be looking for in a totally free auto insurance quote? A low rate obviously, however that will certainly depend on the details you provide in the online quote kind.A totally free online quote is truly simply the very first phase as well as no one really expects it to be accepted as it is; neither the driver nor the insurance company. The online quote kind is not usually thorough sufficient to include all of the elements that will choose the best cost of the insurance plan, and you can look after it as a way of comparing a number of companies prior to attracting up a short-list. What several individuals that are trying to insure their private guest autos do, is to choose a lengthy listing of auto insurance companies from which to look for the first totally free car insurance quote online.
insurance, car insurance, life insurance, car insurance quotes, auto insurance, insurance quotes, auto insurance quotes, general insurance, insurance broker, insurance company, cheap car insurance, home insurance, insurance policy, automobile insurance, car insurance quotes online, compare car insurance, liability insurance, best insurance, insurance companies, car insurance online, car insurance companies, online insurance, vehicle insurance, car insurance australia, cheap insurance, rental car insurance, i car insurance, compare car insurance quotes, auto insurance quotes comparison, car insurance california, compare insurance, motor vehicle insurance, auto insurance companies, car insurance uk, auto insurance quotes online, car insurance quotation online, best car insurance, house insurance, car insurance usa, buy car insurance online, new york car insurance, travelers car insurance, cheap car insurance california, car insurance car insurance, insure car online, free online auto insurance quotes, direct insurance, car insurance florida, car insurance ireland, day car insurance, cheap car insurance for new drivers, cheap car insurance uk, geico car insurance, motor car insurance quote, insurance quotes online, direct car insurance, how much is car insurance, free car insurance quotes, car insurance prices, car insurance canada, asia insurance review, health insurance, fwd life insurance company bermuda limited, hang seng insurance company limited, medical insurance, insure, medical insurance hong kong, health insurance hong kong, insurance companies in hong kong, insurance authority, asia insurance company limited, ftlife insurance company limited, hong kong life insurance, china life insurance overseas company limited, insurance premium, liberty insurance hong kong, term life insurance, bupa insurance, hong kong export credit insurance corporation, mortgage insurance, hong kong insurance, travel insurance promotion, chubb insurance hong kong, aviva insurance, best travel insurance hong kong, insurance agent, travel insurance, bochk insurance, travel insurance hong kong, car insurance hk, compare travel insurance, bank of china travel insurance, liberty insurance hk, axa medical insurance, aig insurance hong kong limited, car insurance hong kong, citibank insurance, home insurance hong kong, travel insurance hk, asia insurance.
The last auto insurance policy should be negotiated from a short-list attracted up from the most inexpensive of the totally free online quotes. You can utilize elements such as any kind of unique driving courses to have taken, the rate of obligation cover you desire and any kind of other factors such as the safety and security and safety and security functions that make your car much less responsible to hurt travelers and also much less most likely to be taken or damaged.Perhaps your age, work or household location qualify you for a price cut, or perhaps you have other insurance policies with the company that can be at danger if you do not get that taken into factor to consider. Or you might even move your home loan or life insurance to that business if you get a whacking discount of your auto insurance.The whole factor of an online totally free car insurance quotation is that you could contrast the auto insurance rates being provided by a whole lot of different business. You will certainly get best outcomes if you draw up a list with the assistance of an online contrast site, as well as perhaps a review website.
- direct asia insurance, zurich insurance, bea travel insurance, ping an insurance, bocg insurance, hang seng bank insurance, the general insurance, prudential insurance, allianz insurance, dbs insurance, manulife insurance, generali insurance, china taiping insurance, allied world insurance, ec insurance, msig insurance, china ping an insurance, car insurance calculator, car quotes, progressive insurance, zurich car insurance, motorcycle insurance, aig car insurance, marine insurance, term insurance, insurance agents, comprehensive insurance, business insurance, farmers insurance, the personal insurance, property insurance, accident insurance, car insurance claim, insurance groups, third party car insurance, motor insurance online, car insurance quotation, buy insurance, nationwide insurance, insurances, flood insurance, commercial insurance, homeowners insurance, car insurance premium, comprehensive car insurance, motorbike insurance, car insurance policy, commercial car insurance, renters insurance, commercial vehicle insurance, types of car insurance, building insurance, motor insurance quotes, long term care insurance, motorcycle insurance quote, bike insurance, car insurance rates, disability insurance, car insurance coverage, cheap car insurance quotes, auto insurance calculator, car insurance info, insurance policies, insurance providers, general liability insurance, contractors insurance, insurance prices, van insurance, budget insurance, new car insurance, car insurance estimator, discount car insurance, prudential car insurance, contents insurance, car insurance agencies, buy car insurance, car insurance for young drivers, short term car insurance, progressive car insurance, car insurance cost, used car insurance, aa car insurance, car insurance price comparison, monthly car insurance, how to get car insurance, admiral car insurance, international car insurance, get car insurance quotes, best car insurance deals, car insurance texas, car insurance guide, car accident insurance, business insurance quotes, car insurance ontario, auto car insurance, direct line car insurance, compare car insurance online, short term insurance, vehicle insurance online, car insurance quotes uk.
The Have To Have Forex Trading System Features
When somebody wants to begin trading forex the preliminary choice they should make is which online broker to make use of. It is essential that a new investor conducts study to discover a broker that is going to give them with a top-notch package as there is a healthy quantity of competition within the forex market to pull in brand-new service. Where brokers could interest a trader is in the price to trade, the degree of trader support they provide as well as obviously what trading system do they use and just how excellent is it.Probably one of the most key element that a brand-new trader could define is the trading platform. They should make sure that it could carry out all of the essential needs without delay and also quickly along with be stable as well as safe, i.e does not maintain crashing or delaying when being made use of.
- what is currency trading, currency trading basics, microfx, currency trading for beginners, future option trading, fo re x, futures trading strategies, currency news trading, forexworld, short term trading, day trading tips, online stock market trade, foreign currency exchange rates today, live money exchange rate, what is foreign exchange rate, latest foreign exchange rate, foreign exchange rate converter, i forx, foreign currency exchange market, exchange rate today, today's exchange rate, currency news, foreign money exchange, international currency, international currency exchange, online currency exchange, today's currency exchange rate, online foreign exchange trading, online foreign currency trading, currency option trading, world currency trading, online day trading, currency futures trading, day trading techniques, trading markets, day trading futures, option trading software, learn currency trading, daily exchange rate, currency trading software, currency trading tips, bforex online trading, foreign exchange rate today, foreign currency exchange rates.
Currency trading platforms need to most importantly deal a safety and security for your transferred funds, whether that is $100 or $10,000. One more useful function is the ability to stream real time information for the client to see (unquestionably this applies more to stocks and commodities which trade on a real exchange). This data has to be displayed to make sure that he user could easily and simply locate essential data, for example it should be simple to locate various different currency set listings.The capacity to earn a trade needs to also be straight ahead so there is no chance of putting as well as making a mistake in a sell order when it should have been a buy order or vice versa and afterwards being able to exit the trade easily as well with a clear pip or profit reading on each individual trade.A good added function to a trading platform is the charting software. The far better the charting bundle on the platform the extra accurate the computations that could be carried out. A prominent trading graph duration is the 4 hour graph.
Some extra functions that are worth discussing are systems that could be accessed from mobile gadgets such as PDA's allowing greater flexibility.The software could be either general which indicates that it is developed by a 3rd celebration company and also made use of by numerous different brokerage firms, a prominent example of this currently is MetaTrader 4. Numerous of the makers of additional forex trading programs such as forex robotics and graph indicator plans will have created their products to function straight out of the box on common platforms whereas there could be assimilation concerns with in-house software.
online futures trading, online trading platforms, online share trading, online trading account, best online trading, trading on line, online currency trading, how to trade in foreign exchange, currency trading for dummies, trading forek, how to trade currency, automated trading system, automated trading, online trading system, gold trader, foreign exchange trading, day trading stocks, day trading options, how to day trade, day trading strategies, iforex trading, stock market trading, tradingforex, foreign exchange broker, currency trading, automated trading software, trading demo, commodity trading, broker trading, day trade, daytrading, trading strategies, trading courses, day trading, online trading software, online trade, share trading, trading technical analysis, spread trading, day trader, best trading software, day trading courses, earnforex, forexlive, swing trading, forest trading, intraday trading, online trading, trading system, money trade, learn how to trade stocks, trading software, futures trading, index trading, dailyfx, forexd, trend trading, learn to trade, paper trading, foreign currency trading.Another facet you must be aware of if you are a U.S resident is that some brokers will certainly not permit U.S residents to trade with them, this is due to the SEC being overprotective concerning its citizens and also unfortunately this is not simply restricted to forex.A great idea is to utilize the totally free trial account offered with many online brokers. Court just how it executes and if you are material and could utilize all of the attributes conveniently as well as precisely then you have found the platform to trade on.
Why You Ought To Acquire an Online Masters Degree
You may be able to get a well-paying work with only a graduate degree yet an undergraduate degree is essential in lots of areas to increase pay and climb the corporate ladder. While undergraduate degrees imply you have a good level of expertise, masters levels demonstrate not only a dedication to increasing your understanding about your area yet additionally a dedication to boosting on your own.
fast online degrees, online learning college, get a degree online, online universitys, online courses uk, online electrical engineering degree, online certificate programs, study degree online, private colleges, list of colleges, online education programs, online undergraduate courses, top universities with online degrees, accredited universities, recognized online courses, college university, cheap online courses, accredited online universities in usa, accredited online universities, fully accredited online universities, top online universities in usa, affordable online degrees, best online bachelor degree programs, best online universities in usa, top 10 online universities in usa, top online universities, accredited distance learning, best accredited online universities, online education degree programs, regionally accredited online colleges, online it degree, list of online universities, online nursing degree, online study college, kaplan university online, accredited online schools, cheap accredited online colleges, top 10 accredited online colleges, distance learning colleges, online college classes, online university rankings, online college courses for credit, free online education, online doctorate, best online university courses, accredited online degree programs, top online degrees, best distance learning, accredited online colleges, online history degree, good online schools, what is distance learning, online social work degree, online uni courses, accredited degree, online bible college, northeastern university online, online degree completion programs, online biology courses, free online university, online chemistry courses.
- The conventional technique for gaining a masters degree has and also most likely constantly will be participating in a brick and mortar college. With increasing popularity, online degree programs have ended up being significant competitors to block and mortar colleges as well as colleges. Unless you proceeded with a graduate degree straight after making an undergraduate degree, returning to earn a masters degree indicates taking time away from job and also your individual life.
- The majority of online programs do not adhere to such forced educational program. Online masters degree programs recognize that a great number, if not the excellent majority, or their pupils are permanent professionals, with their own families, hectic with life as well as if they choose to go after a graduate degree demand to do so on their own time. Online programs use that kind of versatility.
online nursing programs, distance learning universities, college courses, online calculus course, short courses online, online architecture degree, distance education, online classes, online music degree, online nutrition degree, free online courses with certificates, online math courses, top colleges, online schools, online statistics course, free online courses, top online high schools, online colleges in texas, university of phoenix online, online colleges in usa, best online it schools, online mba degrees, online graduate programs, online university degrees, online learning courses, accredited online college degrees, online courses australia, best online colleges, best online universities, the best online university, best online schools, online bachelor degree programs, online criminal justice degree, state college, best universities for online degrees, columbia university online, junior college, buy degree online, accredited online masters degree programs, boston university online, online business degree programs, accredited online degrees, online distance learning, online english degree, online engineering degree, best online universities in the world, online art degree, best accredited online colleges, list of online colleges, long distance education.
Online programs have typically been likened to diploma mills that hand higher degrees to any individual eager to fork over the money. Masters degree pupils can be assured that the online programs they enlist in are legitimate programs aimed at mentor specialist skills and increasing the potential for higher wages as well as work bankability.
A Fee of Service strategys health insurance quotes will offer settlement for the physicians and also hospital costs. The guaranteed will pay the company a regular monthly premium. Two sort of fee of service strategy exist.
- Among them is the basic health insurance which provides to pay the area as well as treatment during confinement, the cost of surgery, in addition to some diagnostic procedures and also the medications. An additional fee of service health care plan consists of paying the price of lasting health problems or injuries.
compare insurance, insurance compare, international health insurance, automobile insurance policy, general insurance, commercial truck insurance, motorcycle insurance, how much is car insurance, product liability insurance, landlord insurance, universal life insurance, general liability insurance, health insurance california, renters insurance, dental insurance, new york life insurance, health insurance quotes, temporary car insurance, travel health insurance, auto insurance, health insurance, mercury insurance, mobile home insurance, life insurance, travel insurance uk, cheap car insurance uk, private health insurance, travel medical insurance, insurance broker hong kong, insurance j1, rental car insurance, travel insurance, car insurance quotes, cheap travel insurance, short term medical insurance, car insurance uk, aig insurance, business insurance, insurance uk, compare car insurance, catastrophic health insurance, blue cross insurance, car insurance florida, insurance rates, texas auto insurance, buy health insurance, aetna insurance, insurance broker, home insurance company, term life insurance, insurance blockchain, short term health insurance, insurance industry trend, car insurance usa, car insurance quotation online, trip insurance, insurance singapore, annuity, vision insurance, car insurance, pet insurance, find car insurance, cheap car insurance companies.
. . . Nikel yang terbentuk dalam ledakan supernova?
Ini adalah Fakta Alam Nikel!
Miliaran tahun lalu, semua nikel yang saat ini di bumi tercipta dalam ledakan supernova. Ini adalah satu-satunya tempat di alam, di mana kondisi suhu dan tekanannya cukup untuk atom nikel terbentuk.
Bagaimana Nikel Diproduksi
Yang paling utama terdapat di Rusia, Kanada, Kaledonia Baru, Australia, Indonesia, Kuba, Cina, Afrika Selatan, Republik Dominika, Botswana, Columbia, Yunani dan Brazil. Kilang nikel penting lainnya juga beroperasi di Norwegia, Finlandia, Perancis, Jepang dan Inggris.
Nikel primer diproduksi dan digunakan dalam bentuk nikel ferro, nikel oksida, bahan kimia lainnya, dan sebagai tambahan atau logam nikel kurang murni. Nikel juga mudah didaur ulang dari banyak penerapannya, dan besar tonase dari sekunder atau "scrap" nikel digunakan untuk melengkapi logam yang baru ditambang.
Hanya sekitar 1,4 juta ton nikel baru atau primer diproduksi dan digunakan setiap tahun di dunia, dibandingkan dengan lebih dari 10 juta ton tembaga dan hampir 800 juta ton baja. Sumber: nickelinstitute.org
Bagaimana Pembentukan atau Genesa Nikel Laterit
Berbagai teori genesis bijih menjelaskan bagaimana, berbagai jenis deposit mineral terbentuk dalam kerak bumi. Teori genesis bijih tergantung pada mineral atau komoditi tersebut.
Teori genesis bijih umumnya melibatkan tiga komponen: source, transport atau konduit, dan trap. Hal ini juga berlaku untuk industri minyak bumi, yang pertamakali menggunakan metodologi ini.
Istilah “ laterite ” bisa diartikan sebagai endapan yang kaya akan iron-oxide, miskin unsure silica dan secara intensif ditemukan pada endapan lapukan pada iklim tropis (eggleton, 2001). Ada juga yang mengartikan nikel laterite sebagai endapan lapukan yang mengandung nikel dan secara ekonomis dapat di tambang.
Batuan induk dari endapan Nikel Laterite adalah batuan ultrabasa; umumnya harzburgite (peridotite yang kaya akan unsur ortopiroksen), dunite dan jenis peridotite yang lain.
Deposit nikel umumnya terbentuk pada batuan ultrabasa dengan kandungan Fe olivin yang tinggi dan Nikel berkadar antara 0.2% - 0.4% wt. Secara mineralogi nikel laterite dapat dibagi kedalam tiga kategori (Brand et al.,1998)
Hydrous Silicate Deposits
Profil dari type ini dari vertical dari bawah ke ata : Ore horizon pada lapisan saprolite (Mg-Ni silicate), grade Nikel antara 1.8% – 2.5%. Pada zona ini berkembang box-works, veining, relic structure, fracture, grain boundaries dan dapat berbentuk mineral; garnierite (max. 40% Ni). Ni terurai (Leached) dari fase limonite (Fe oxyhydroxide) dan disimpan dengan mineral silikat hidrat atau elemen pengganti Mg dalam serpentinit yang berubah (Pelletier, 1996).
Jadi, meskipun nikel laterit adalah hasil pelapukan, tetapi dapat dikatakan juga bahwa proses enrichment supergen sangat penting dalam pembentukan dan nilai ekonomi silikat hidrat dalam pengendapan ini. Jenis ini dapat ditemukan pada beberapa tempat seperti di Kaledonia Baru, Indonesia, Philippina,Dominika dan Columbia.
Clay Silicate Deposits
Pada jenis endapan ini, Si hanya sebagian terlarut oleh melalui groundwater. Si yang tersisa akan bergabung dengan Fe,Ni,dan Al untuk membentuk mineral lempung (clay minerals) seperti Ni-rich Notronite pada bagian tengah profil saprolite (see profile). Ni-rich serpentine juga dapat di replace oleh smectite atau kuarsa jika profile deposit ini tetap kontak dalam waktu lama dengan groundwater. Ni grade pada endapan ini lebih rendah dari Hydrosilicate deposit (1.2%;Brand et all,1998).
Oxide Deposits
Type terakhir adalah Oxide. Profile bawah menunjukkan Protolith dari jenis harzburgitic peridotites (mostly mineral olivine,serpentine, piroksen), sangat rentan terhadap pelapukan terutama di daerah tropis. Diatasnya terbentuk saprolite dan mendekati permukaan terbentuk limonite dan ferricrete (dipermukaan) ( see profile). Pada tipe deposit oxide ini, Nikel berasosiasi dengan Goethite (FeOOH) dan Mn Oxide.
Sebagai tambahan, Nikel laterite sangat jarang atau tidak sama sekali terbentuk pada batuan carbonate mengandung mineral talc.
Tectonics Setting
Nikel laterite berkembang di kompleks Ophiolite pada rentang waktu Phanerozoic, terutama Cretaseous-Miosen. Ophiolite ini telah mengalami fault dan joint sebagai efek dari tectonic uplift dapat memicu intensitas pelapukan dan perubahan pada water table level. Deposit Nikel lainnya ditemukan pada Archean Craton tergolong stabil berasosiasi dengan layer mafic complexes and komatiite (Butt,1975). Semakin banyak zona shear dan steep fault ( normal??), semakin tinggi pula tingkat enrichment proses untuk menghasilkan grade Nikel yang tinggi. Sebaliknya, zona thrust fault berasosiasi dengan emplacement kompleks ophiolite dan bersama dengan greenstone membentuk zona serpentine milonite atau talc-carbonates-altered ultramafic rocks. Komposisi seperti itu tidak memungkinkan terbentuknya Nikel pada endapan residu (regolith/lapukan).
Kondisi Topografi dan Morfologi
Dua faktor tersebut sangat penting dalam endapan nikel laterit karena kaitannya dengan posisi water table, stuktur dan drainage. Zona enrichment nikel laterite berada di topografi bagian atas (upper hill slope,crest, plateau, atau terrace). Kondisi water table pada zona ini dangkal,apalagi ditambah dengan adanya zona patahan n shear or joint. In consequence, akan mempercepat proses palarutan kimia (leaching processes) dan pada akhirnya akan terbentuk endapan saprolite mengandung nikel yang cukup tebal. Kondisi seperti ini dapat dijumpai di beberapa tempat sepeti Indonesia,New Caledonia, Ural (Russia) dan Columbia. Sebaliknya, pada topografi yang rendah, water table yang dalam akan menghambat proses pelarutan unsur – unsur dari batuan induk (baca:enrichment proses).
Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pembentukan bijih nikel laterit ini adalah:
a. Batuan asal. Adanya batuan asal merupakan syarat utama untuk terbentuknya endapan nikel laterit, macam batuan asalnya adalah batuan ultra basa. Dalam hal ini pada batuan ultra basa tersebut:
- terdapat elemen Ni yang paling banyak di antara batuan lainnya
- mempunyai mineral-mineral yang paling mudah lapuk atau tidak stabil, seperti olivin dan piroksin
- mempunyai komponen-komponen yang mudah larut dan memberikan lingkungan pengendapan yang baik untuk nikel.
b. Iklim. Adanya pergantian musim kemarau dan musim penghujan dimana terjadi kenaikan dan penurunan permukaan air tanah juga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya proses pemisahan dan akumulasi unsur-unsur. Perbedaan temperatur yang cukup besar akan membantu terjadinya pelapukan mekanis, dimana akan terjadi rekahan-rekahan dalam batuan yang akan mempermudah proses atau reaksi kimia pada batuan.
Tempat – tempat yang beriklim tropis seperti Indonesia dan Kolumbia memungkinkan untuk terjadinya proses pembentukan endapan Nikel laterite. Kondisi curah hujan yang tinggi, temperatur yang hangat, ditambah dengan aktivitas biogenic akan mempercepat proses pelapukan kimia, dimana Nikel laterite bisa mudah terbentuk.
c. Reagen-reagen kimia dan vegetasi. reagen-reagen kimia adalah unsur-unsur dan senyawa-senyawa yang membantu mempercepat proses pelapukan. Air tanah yang mengandung CO2 memegang peranan penting di dalam proses pelapukan kimia. Asam-asam humus menyebabkan dekomposisi batuan dan dapat mengubah pH larutan. Asam-asam humus ini erat kaitannya dengan vegetasi daerah.
Dalam hal ini, vegetasi akan mengakibatkan:
• penetrasi air dapat lebih dalam dan lebih mudah dengan mengikuti jalur akar pohon-pohonan.
• akumulasi air hujan akan lebih banyak.
• humus akan lebih tebal.
Keadaan ini merupakan suatu petunjuk, dimana hutannya lebat pada lingkungan yang baik akan terdapat endapan nikel lebih tebal dengan kadar lebih tinggi. Selain itu, vegetasi dapat berfungsi untuk menjaga hasil pelapukan terhadap erosi mekanis.
d. Struktur. Struktur yang sangat dominan lebih terdapat didaerah Polamaa ini adalah struktur kekar (joint) dibandingkan terhadap struktur patahannya. Seperti diketahui, batuan beku mempunyai porositas dan permeabilitas yang kecil sekali sehingga penetrasi air sangat sulit, maka dengan adanya rekahan-rekahan tersebut akan lebih memudahkan masuknya air dan berarti proses pelapukan akan lebih intensif.
e. Topografi. Keadaan topografi setempat akan sangat memengaruhi sirkulasi air beserta reagen-reagen lain. Untuk daerah landai, maka air akan bergerak perlahan-lahan sehingga akan mempunyai kesempatan untuk mengadakan penetrasi lebih dalam melalui rekahan-rekahan atau pori-pori batuan. Akumulasi andapan umumnya terdapat pada daerah-daerah landai sampai pada kemiringan sedang, hal ini menerangkan bahwa ketebalan pelapukan mengikuti bentuk topografi. Pada daerah curam, secara teoritis, jumlah air yang meluncur (run off) lebih banyak daripada air yang meresap ini dapat menyebabkan pelapukan kurang intensif.
f. Waktu. Waktu yang cukup lama akan mengakibatkan, pelapukan yang cukup intensif karena akumulasi unsur nikel cukup tinggi.
Profil nikel laterit keseluruhan terdiri dari 4 zona gradasi sebagai berikut :
1. Iron Capping. Merupakan bagian yang paling atas dari suatu penampang laterit. Komposisinya adalah akar tumbuhan, humus, oksida besi dan sisa-sisa organik lainnya. Warna khas adalah coklat tua kehitaman dan bersifat gembur. Kadar nikelnya sangat rendah sehingga tidak diambil dalam penambangan. Ketebalan lapisan tanah penutup rata-rata 0,3 s/d 6 m. berwarna merah tua, merupakan kumpulan massa goethite dan limonite. Iron capping mempunyai kadar besi yang tinggi tapi kadar nikel rendah. Terkadang terdapat mineral-mineral hematite, chromiferous.
2. Limonite Layer, Merupakan hasil pelapukan lanjut dari batuan beku ultrabasa. Komposisinya meliputi oksida besi lebih dominan, goethit, dan magnetit. Ketebalan lapisan ini rata-rata 8-15 m. Dalam limonit dapat dijumpai adanya akar tumbuhan, meskipun dalam persentasenya sangat kecil. Kemunculan bongkah-bongkah batuan beku ultrabasa pada zona ini tidak dominan atau hampir tidak ada, umumnya mineral-mineral di batuan beku basa-ultrabasa telah terubah menjadi serpentin akibat hasil dari pelapukan yang belum tuntas. fine grained, merah coklat atau kuning, lapisan kaya besi dari limonit soil menyelimuti seluruh area. Lapisan ini tipis pada daerah terjal, dan sempat hilang karena erosi. Sebagian dari nikel pada zona ini hadir di dalam mineral manganese oxide, lithiophorite. Terkadang terdapat mineral talc, tremolite, chromiferous, quartz, gibsite, maghemite.
3. Silika Boxwork, putih – orange chert, quartz, mengisi sepanjang fractured dan sebagian menggantikan zona terluar dari unserpentine fragmen peridotite, sebagian mengawetkan struktur dan tekstur dari batuan asal. Terkadang terdapat mineral opal, magnesite. Akumulasi dari garnierite-pimelite di dalam boxwork mungkin berasal dari nikel ore yang kaya silika. Zona boxwork jarang terdapat pada bedrock yang serpentinized.
4. Saprolite, Zona ini merupakan zona pengayaan unsur Ni. Komposisinya berupa oksida besi, serpentin sekitar < 0,4% kuarsa magnetit dan tekstur batuan asal yang masih terlihat. Ketebalan lapisan ini berkisar 5-18 m. Kemunculan bongkah-bongkah sangat sering dan pada rekahan-rekahan batuan asal dijumpai magnesit, serpentin, krisopras dan garnierit. Bongkah batuan asal yang muncul pada umumnya memiliki kadar SiO2 dan tinggi MgO serta Ni dan rendah Fe. campuran dari sisa-sisa batuan, butiran halus limonite, saprolitic rims, vein dari endapan garnierite, nickeliferous quartz, mangan dan pada beberapa kasus terdapat silika boxwork, bentukan dari suatu zona transisi dari limonite ke bedrock. Terkadang terdapat mineral quartz yang mengisi rekahan, mineral-mineral primer yang terlapukkan, chlorite. Garnierite di lapangan biasanya diidentifikasi sebagai kolloidal talc dengan lebih atau kurang nickeliferous serpentin. Struktur dan tekstur batuan asal masih terlihat.
5. Bedrock, bagian terbawah dari profil laterit. Tersusun atas bongkah yang lebih besar dari 75 cm dan blok peridotit (batuan dasar) dan secara umum sudah tidak mengandung mineral ekonomis (kadar logam sudah mendekati atau sama dengan batuan dasar). Batuan dasar merupakan batuan asal dari nikel laterit pada umumnya merupakan batuan beku ultrabasa yaitu harzburgit dan dunit pada rekahannya telah terisi oleh oksida besi 5-10%, garnierit minor dan silika > 35%. Permeabilitas batuan dasar meningkat sebanding dengan intensitas serpentinisasi.Zona ini terfrakturisasi kuat, kadang membuka, terisi oleh mineral garnierite dan silika. Frakturisasi ini diperkirakan menjadi penyebab adanya root zone yaitu zona high grade Ni, akan tetapi posisinya tersembunyi.
NIKEL
Sifat-sifat nikel :
• Putih mengkilat
• Sangat keras
• Tidak berkarat
• Tahan terhadap asam encer
Bijih nikel utam adalah nikel sulfida . Nikel-nikel yang diekspor dalam bentuk 3 macam yaitu bijih, nikel kasar, dan ferronikel. Daerah penambangan nikel ada di Koala, Soroako, Maluku Utara.
Cara penambangan nikel melalui berbagai cara , antara lain ;
• Penebangan pohon dan semak
• Pengupasan tanah permukaan
• Penggalian dengan sistem tangga (benching system) yaitu dimulai dari bawah ke atas mengikuti garis kontur dengan alat gali power shovel atau dozer shovel
Pengolahan nikel melalui beberapa tahap , yaitu :
• Pemanggangan
• Peleburan
• Elektrolisis
Penggunaan Nikel
• Untuk melapisi barang, terbuat dari; besi, tembaga, baja karena nikel mempunyai sifat keras, tahan korosi dan mudah mengkilap jika digosok.
• Untuk membuat baja tahan karat (stailess stell)
• Untuk membuat aliase dengan tembaga dan beberapa logam lain seperti :
a. Monel (Ni, Cu, Fe)
Digunakan untuk membuat instrumen tranmisi listrik
b. Nikrom(Ni,Fe,Cr)
Digunakan sebagai kawat pemanas
c. Alniko (Al, Ni, fe, Co)
Untuk membuat magnet.
d. Palinit dan Invar yaitu paduan nikel, mempunyai koefisien memuai sama halnya dengan gelas yang digunakan sebagai kawat listrik dan ditanam dalam kaca, misalnya pada bolam lampu pijar.
e. Serbuk nikel digunakan sebagai katalisator, misalnya pada hidrogenansi (pemadatan) minyak kelapa, juga pada cracking minyak bumi.