MAKALAH BATUBARA “DAMPAK DAN SOLUSI”
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I.1 Latar Belakang
Indonesia merupakan salah satu daerah penghasil tambang batu bara terbesar di dunia. Salah satu daerah penghasil tambang terbesar di Indonesia adalah Kalimantan Selatan. Pertumbuhan tambang di Kalimantan Selatan sendiri semakin pesat karena semakin banyak lahan tambang baru yang ditemukan.
Namun pertumbuhan yang pesat tidak diseimbangi dengan pengelolaan yang baik oleh pihak-pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Kurangnya sosialisasi tentang pengelolaan tambang dengan baik, menyebabkan banyak dampak buruk yang dihasilkan. Walaupun sekarang tidak terlalu terasa, namun beberapa tahun lagi dampak pengelolaan tambang yang salah bisa mengganggu stabilitas ekosistem.
Perlunya usaha-usaha yang dilakukan dari sekarang untuk mengatasi pengelolaan tambang yang salah. Mulai dari sosialisasi sampai tindakan nyata. Sehingga diharap keseimbangan alam akan terjaga.
I.2 Tujuan Penelitian
1. Mengetahui bahan galian batubara
2. Mengetahui dampak pengelolaan tambang batubara, dan
3. Mengetahui solusi untuk mengatasinya.
I.3 Rumusan Masalah
1. Apa yang di maksud bahan galian batubara?
2. Apa dampak penambangan batubara terhadap lingkungan?
3. Apa saja usaha-usaha yang dapat mengurangi dampak pertambangan?
II. PEMBAHASAN
II.1 BAHAN GALIAN BATUBARA
1. Pengertian Bahan Galian Batu Bara
Bahan Galian Batubara adalah bahan galian yang terbentuk dari sisa tumbuhan yang terperangkap dalam sedimen dan dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan baker, Jenis sedimen ini terperangkap dan mengalami perubahan material organik akibat timbunan (burial) dan diagenesa.
Batubara awalnya merupakan bahan organik yang terakumulasi dalam rawa-rawa yang dinamakan peat. Pembentukan batubara memerlukan kondisi-kondisi tertentu dan hanya terjadi pada era-era tertentu sepanjang sejarah geologi. Zaman karbon kira-kira 340 juta tahun yang lalu (Jtl) adalah masa pembentukan Batubara yang paling produktif.
2. Materi Pembentuk Batubara
Hampir seluruh pembentuk batubara berasal dari tumbuhan, jenis-jenis tumbuhan pembentuk Batubara dan umurnya menurut Diessel (1981) adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Alga, dari zaman prekambrium hingga ordovisium dan bersel tunggal sangat sedikit endapan batubara dari periode ini Silofita, Dari zaman Silur hingga devon tengah merupakan turunan dari alga. Sedikit endapan batubara dari periode ini.
b. Plirodefita, umur devon atas hingga karbon atas. Tumbuhan pembentuknya merupakan tumbuhan tanpa bunga dan biji serta berkembangbiak dengan spora.
c. Gimnospermae, Dari zaman permian hingga kapur tengah. Tumbuhan heteroseksual, biji terbungkus dalam buah, contohnya Pinus.
d. Angiosspermae, dari zaman kapur atas hingga kii. Jenis tumbuhan modern, buah menutupi biji, jantan dan betina dalam satu bunga, kurang bergetah dibanding gimnospermae sehingga secara umum kurang terawetkan.
3. Kelas dan Jenis Batubara
Berdasarkan proses pembentukannya yang dikontrol oleh tekanan, panas, dan waktu, umumnya batubara dibagi kedalam lima kelas yaitu:
a. Antrasit adalah kelas batubara tertinggi, dengan warna hitam berkilauan. (luster) metalik. Mengandung antara 86 % – 98 % unsur karbon (C) dengan kadar air kurang dari 8 %
b. Bituminus mengandung 68 – 86 % Unsur karbon (c) dan berkadar air 8-10 % dari beratnya.
c. Subbituminus mengandung sedikit karbon dan banyak air. Sehingga menjadi sumber panas yang kurang efisien dibanding dengan bituminus.
d. Lignit atau batubara cokelat adalah batubara yang sangat lunak yang mengandung air 35 – 75 % dari beratnya.
e. Gambut, berpori dan memiliki kadar air diatas 75 % serta nilai kalori yang paling rendah.
4. Pembentukan Batubara
Proses perubahan sisa-sisa tanaman menjadi gambut hingga batubara disebut dengan istilah pembatubaraan (Coalification).
Ada dua proses yang terjadi yaitu :
a. Tahap Diagenetik atau biokimia yaitu dimulai pada saat material tanaman terdeposisi, hingga lignit terbentuk. Agen utama yang berperan dalam proses perubahan ini adalah kadar air, tingkat oksidasi, dan gangguan biologis yang dapat menyebabkan proses pembusukan (dekomposisi) dan kompaksi material organik serta membentuk gambut.
b. Tahap malihan atau geokimia, meliputi proses perubahan dari lignit menjadi biuminus, dan akhirnya antrasit.
5. Sumber Daya Batubara di Indonesia
Potensi sumber daya batubara di Indonesia sangat melimpah, terutama di pulau kalimantan dan pulau sumatera. Batubara merupakan bahan bakar utama selain solar (diesel fuel) yang digunakan dalam industri. Dari segi ekonomis batubara jauh lebih hemat dari pada solar dengan perbandingan sebagai berikut: solar Rp. 0,74/kilokalori sedangkan batubara Rp. 0.09/kilokalori. Dari segi kuantitas, batubara merupakan cadangan energi fosil terpenting di Indonesia, Jumlahnya sangat melimpah, mencapai puluhan milyar ton. Jumlah ini cukup untuk memasak kebutuhan energi listrik hingga ratusan tahun kedepan.
Sayangnya Indonesia tidak mungkin membakar habis batubara dan mengubahnya menjadi energi listrik karena selain mengotori lingkungan melalui polutan CO2, SO2, Nox, dan CxHx, cara ini dinilai kurang efisien dan kurang memberi nilai tambah tinggi.
6. Gasifikasi Batubara
Batubara sebaiknya tidak langsung dibakar, akan lebih efisien jika dikonversi menjadi migas sintetis, atau bahan petrokimia lain, yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi. Cara yang dipertimbangkan dalam hal ini adalah gasifikasi atau penyubliman batubara.
Coal Gasification adalah sebuah proses untuk merubah batubara padat menjadi gas batubara yang mudah terbakar (combustible gasses), setelah proses pemurnian gas-gas ini CO (karbon monoksida), CO2 (karbon dioksida), H (hidrogen), CH4 (metana), dan N2 (nitrogen) dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Hanya dengan menggunakan watergas atau coal gas. Gasifikasi secara nyata mempunyai tingkat emisi udara kotoran padat, dan limbah terendah.
7. Pembersihan Batubara
Cara untuk membersihkan batubara dari sulfur adalah dengan cara memecah batubara kebongkahan yang lebih kecil dan mencucinya. Secara khusus bongkahan batubara tadi dimasukkan kedalam tangki besar yang terisi air, maka batubara akan mengapung kepermukaan ketika kotoran sulfur tenggelam.
8. Membuang Nox dari Batubara
Ketika udara yang mengandung nitrogen dipanaskan seperti pada nyala api boller (3000°F – 1648°C), atom nitrogen ini terpecah menjadi nitrogen oksida yang terkadang disebut dengan Nox. Nox juga dapat dibentuk dari atom nitrogen yang terjebak dalam batubara.
Cara terbaik untuk mengurangi Nox adalah menghindari benukan asalnya, caranya pada saat pembakaran, batubara lebih banyak daripada udara dilubang pembakaran yang terpanas. Dibawah kondisi ini kebanyakan oksigen terkombinasi dengan bahan bakar dari pada dengan nitrogen. Camputan pembakaran kemudian dikirim keruang pembakaran yang kedua dimana terdapat proses yang mirip berulang-ulang sampai semua bahan bakar habis terbakar. Konsep ini disebut Staged Combustion karena batubara dibakar secara bertahap.
II.2 DAMPAK PENAMBANGAN BATUBARA TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN
Seperti yang diketahui, pertambangan batubara juga telah menimbulkan dampak kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang cukup parah, baik itu air, tanah, udara, dan hutan.
1. Air
Penambangan batubara secara langsung menyebabkan pencemaran air, yaitu dari limbah pencucian batubara tersebut dalam hal memisahkan batubara dengan sulfur. Limbah pencucian tersebut mencemari air sungai sehingga warna air sungai menjadi keruh, asam, dan menyebabkan pendangkalan sungai akibat endapan pencucian batubara tersebut. Limbah pencucian batubara setelah diteliti mengandung zat-zat yang sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia jika airnya dikonsumsi. Limbah tersebut mengandung belerang (b), merkuri (Hg), asam slarida (HCn), mangan (Mn), asam sulfat (H2SO4), dan timbal (Pb). Hg dan Pb merupakan logam berat yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit kulit pada manusia seperti kanker kulit.
2. Tanah
Tidak hanya air yang tercemar, tanah juga mengalami pencemaran akibat pertambangan batubara ini, yaitu terdapatnya lubang-lubang besar yang tidak mungkin ditutup kembali yang menyebabkan terjadinya kubangan air dengan kandungan asam yang sangat tinggi. Air kubangan tersebut mengadung zat kimia seperti Fe, Mn, SO4, Hg dan Pb. Fe dan Mn dalam jumlah banyak bersifat racun bagi tanaman yang mengakibatkan tanaman tidak dapat berkembang dengan baik. SO4 berpengaruh pada tingkat kesuburan tanah dan PH tanah, akibat pencemaran tanah tersebut maka tumbuhan yang ada diatasnya akan mati.
3. Udara
Penambangan batubara menyebabkan polusi udara, hal ini diakibatkan dari pembakaran batubara. Menghasilkan gas nitrogen oksida yang terlihat cokelat dan juga sebagai polusi yang membentuk acid rain (hujan asam) dan ground level ozone, yaitu tipe lain dari polusi yang dapat membuat kotor udara.
Selain itu debu-debu hasil pengangkatan batubara juga sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan, yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan (ISPA), dan dalam jangka panjang jika udara tersebut terus dihirup akan menyebabkan kanker, dan kemungkinan bayi lahir cacat.
4. Hutan
Penambangan batubara dapat menghancurkan sumber-sumber kehidupan rakyat karena lahan pertanian yaitu hutan dan lahan-lahan sudah dibebaskan oleh perusahaan. Hal ini disebabkan adanya perluasan tambang sehingga mempersempit lahan usaha masyarakat, akibat perluasan ini juga bisa menyebabkan terjadinya banjir karena hutan di wilayah hulu yang semestinya menjadi daerah resapan aitr telah dibabat habis. Hal ini diperparah oleh buruknya tata drainase dan rusaknya kawan hilir seperti hutan rawa.
5. Laut
Pencemaran air laut akibat penambangan batubara terjadi pada saat aktivitas bongkar muat dan tongkang angkut batubara. Selain itu, pencemaran juga dapat mengganggu kehidupan hutan mangrove dan biota yang ada di sekitar laut tersebut.
II.3 USAHA MENGURANGI DAMPAK PERTAMBANGAN
Usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi dampak pertambangan batubara adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Penghentian penggunaan jalan umum untuk aktivitas angkutan batubara mesti ada ketegasan pemerintah daerah untuk menyetop dan menindak tegas setiap penguasaha aktivitas pertambangan ilegal yang selama ini semakin menjamur dan penurunan terhadap dampak kerusakan lingkungan dan sosial yang ditimbulkannya.
2. Tidak mengeluarkan perizinan baru agar tidak menambah semrawutnya pengelolaan sumber daya alam tambang batubara, saat ini hal yang paling mudah dan sangat mungkin untuk dilakukan adalah dengan tidak mengeluarkan izin baru lagi. Sehingga memudahkan untuk melakukan monitoring terhadap pertambangan batubara yang ada.
3. Penghentian pertambangan batubara ilegal secara total, pemerintah harus melakukan penghentian pertambangan batubara ilegal secara tegas tanpa padang bulu dan transparan.
4. Penghentian bisnis yayasan dan koperasinya TNI – POLRI
5. Evaluasi perizinan yang telah diberikan, dan lakukan audit lingkungan semua usaha pertambangan batubara.
6. Meninggikan standar kualitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan komitmen untuk kelestarian lingkungan hidup.
7. Pelembagaan konflik untuk menyelesaikan persengketaan rakyat dengan perusahaan pertambangan agar tercapai solusi yang memuaskan berbagai pihak.
8. Menyusun kebijakan strategi pengelolaan sumber daya alam tambang.
9. Setiap perusahaan diwajibkan mereklamasi bekas-bekas penambangan dan menjamin serta memastikan hasil reklamasi tersebut sesuai AMDAL. Dan pihak pemerintah harus mengawasi jalannya proses reklamasi tersebut, sehingga benar-benar yakin kalau proses reklamasi berjalan dengan baik dan menampakkan hasil.
10. Menggunakan alat-alat penambangan dengan berteknologi tinggi sehingga meminimalisasi dampak lingkungan serta memperkecil angka kecelakaan dalam pertambangan batubara tersebut.
III. PENUTUP
III.1 KESIMPULAN
Batubara adalah bahan galian yang terbentuk dari sisa tumbuhan sebagai bahan bakar. Materi pembentuk Batubara adalah Alga, Silofita, Pteridofita, Gimnospermae, dan Angiospermae. Kelas dan Jenis batubara yaitu :
1. Antrasit
2. Bituminus
3. Sub bituminus
4. Lignit
5. Gambut
Pembentukan batubara dapat terjadi secara diagnetik atau biokimia dan tahap malihan atau geokimia. Sumber daya batubara di Indonesia jumlahnya sangat melimpah seperti di Kalimantan Selatan yang cukup untuk pasokan energi beberapa tahun kedepan.
Gasifikasi Batubara adalah sebuah proses untuk merubah batubara padat menjadi gas batubara yang mudah terbakar. Pembersihan batubara dapat dilakukan dengan memcahnya menjadi bongkahan-bongkahan kecil dan dicuci dengan air didalam sbuah tangki besar.
Membuang Nox dari batubara dapat dilakukan dengan cara staged Combustion. Dampak penambangan batubara adalah kerusakan terhadap lingkungan yaitu air, udara, tanah, hutan dan laut. Usaha mengurangi dampak pertambangan bisa di upayakan oleh pemerintah maupun pihak perusahaan.
III.2 SARAN
Agar pemerintah lebih mengoptimalkan dan mensosialisasikan tentang AMDAL, sehingga para penambang lebih memperhatikan dampak lingkungan dari pada keuntungan semata. Diharap juga pemerintah lebih tegas menindak para penambang yang terbukti melanggar peraturan penambangan agar para penambang terutama perusahaan-perusahaan menggunakan teknologi yang ramah lingkungan sehingga dapat meminimalkan dampak lingkungan dan resiko kecelakaan. Diharap dengan penambang yang bertanggung jawab terhadap reklamasi lahan bekas penambangan, sehingga pada akhirnya tidak mengganggu keseimbangan lingkungan.