STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
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Foto ini menunjukkan deformasi batuan yang mengakibatkan struktur terlipat - forces internal Bumi dapat menyebabkan struktur geologi tersebut kepada bentuk struktur geologi yang dapat mengandung sumber energi penting dan deposit bijih mineral berharga.Struktur geologi adalah struktur perubahan lapisan batuan sedimen akibat kerja kekuatan tektonik,sehingga tidak lagi memenuhi hukum superposisi disamping itu struktur geologi juga merupakan struktur kerak bumi produk deformasi tektonik.
I. Strike dan Dip
adalah sikap atau karakteristik dalam batuan yang dihasilkan oleh forces geologi maupun sekarang setelah batuan terlipat (ditekuk) atau faulted (retak dan bergerak di sepanjang celah jarak yang cukup jauh)
a) Srike
adalah garis imajiner dengan arah kompas membangun pada permukaan tempat sedimen atau kesalahan di mana semua titik pada garis yang elevasi setara - arah kompas biasanya ditunjukkan sebagai bantalan.
b) Dip
adalah garis imajiner membangun menuruni lereng di tempat sedimen atau fault arah dip tegak lurus terhadap arah strike dan biasanya dinyatakan dalam bantalan dan sudut kemiringan (dip) diukur dari bidang horizontal ke bagian atas tempat atau fault, sudut dip tidak boleh melebihi 90 derajat
II. Struktur Lipatan (Fold/Folded/Folding)
adalah lekukan-lekukan di lapisan batuan dan terjadi atas bended, bawah, atau kekuatan tekanan samping adalah penyebab utama dari lipatan.
Lipatan adalah perubahan bentuk dan volume pada batuan yang ditunjukkan dengan lengkungan atau melipatnya batuan tersebut akibat pengaruh suatu tegangan (gaya) yang bekerja pada batuan tersebut. Pada umumnya refleksi pelengkungan ditunjukkan pada pelapisan pada batuan-batuan sedimen atau foliasi pada batuan metamorf. lipatan adalah penyebab penting dari pembentukan gunung.
A. Jenis lipatan
1. antiklin
adalah serangkaian lapisan atas melengkung dengan bagian sisi (kaki) mencelupkan ke arah yang berlawanan dari bagian tengah lipatan perpecahan dengan plane yang disebut bidang aksial dan diamati pada puncak (plan) pandangan sebagai sumbu lipatan permukaan yang tererosi ini menunjukkan batuan menjadi semakin muda jauh dari sumbu lipatan (fold axis)
2. sinklin
adalah serangkaian lapisan bawah melengkung dengan kaki mencelupkan ke dalam arah yang berlawanan terhadap sumbu lipatan permukaan yang tererosi ini menunjukkan batuan menjadi semakin tua jauh dari sumbu lipatan.
Beberapa defenisi tentang lipatan :
a. Sayap Lipatan, yaitu bagian sebelah menyebelah dari sisi lipatan
b. Puncak Lipatan, yaitu titik atau garis yang tertinggi dari sebuah lipatan
c. Bidang Sumbu Lipatan, yaitu suatu bidang yang memotong lipatan,membagi sama besar sudut yang dibentuk oleh lipatan tersebut.
d. Garis Sumbu Lipatan,yaitu perpotongan antara bidang sumbu dengan bidang horizontal.
e. Jurus (Strike), yaitu arah dari garis horizontal dan merupakan perpotongan antara bidang yang bersangkutan dengan bidang horizontal.
f. Kemiringan (Dip), yaitu sudut kemiringan yang tersebar dan dibentuk oleh suatu bidang miring dengan bidang horizontal dan diukur dengan tegak lurus dengannya.
B. Tipe khusus anticlines dan synclines
- Lipatan Simetris - adalah lipatan dengan sisi menunjukkan gambar cermin sehubungan dengan bidang aksial
- Lipatan Asimetris - lipat tanpa bayangan cermin dalam terhadap bidang aksial
- Lipatan Terbalik - lipatan di mana bidang aksial dimiringkan dan tempat Dip akan ke arah yang sama di kedua sisi bidang aksial
- Lipatan Telentang - lipat dengan bidang horisontal aksial
- Lipatan non-plugging dan plugging : lugging adalah memiringkan lipatan ke arah depan atau belakang - semua anticlines dan synclines memiliki beberapa tingkat terjun non-plugging lipatan garis hubungan memisahkan formasi ditampilkan dalam tampilan permukaan sejajar dan lurus garis hubungan dalam salah satu dari dua pandangan profil horisontal dan sejajar hubungan dalam tampilan profil lain melengkung ke atas atau bawah dalam plugging lipatan hubungan baris di tampilan permukaan melengkung garis hubugan dalam salah satu pandangan profil dip ke arah garis hubungan terjun dalam tampilan profil lain yang melengkung ke atas atau bawah garis hubungan permukaan antara formasi yang convexed (ditutup) ke arah terjun untuk antiklin yang dan cekung (terbuka) ke arah terjun untuk sinklin
- pembentukan dan lokasi minyak bumi dan gas alam dikaitkan dengan anticlines dan synclines
3. Kubah (Dome)
adalah seri atas-melengkung dari lapisan dengan tempat di semua sisi dipping jauh dari pusat sepanjang 360 derajat - permukaan yang tererosi ini menunjukkan batuan menjadi semakin muda jauh dari pusat struktur
4. Cekungan (Basin)
adalah serangkaian bawahmelengkung dari lapisan dengan tempat di semua sisi dalam dipping menuju pusat sepanjang 360 derajat - permukaan yang tererosi ini menunjukkan batuan menjadi semakin tua jauh dari pusat struktu
5. Monoklin
adalah sebuah tikungan di lapisan mengakibatkan lokal steepening di kemiringan lapisan yang hampir datar berbaring di kedua sisi jauh dari tikungan - hanya ada satu arah Dip di monoklin tersebut
III. Kekar (Joint)
Rekahan adalah sebutan untuk struktur rekahan dalam batuan dimana tidak ada atau sedikit sekali mengalami pergeseran. Rekahan yang telah bergeser disebut sesar.
Struktur kekar merupakan gejala yang paling umum dijumpai dan justru karenanya banyak dipelajari secaras luas. Struktur-struktur ini merupakan struktur yang palinbg sukat untuk dianalisa. Struktur ini banyak dipelajari karena hubunganya yang erat dengan masalah-masalah :
Geologi teknik, Geologi minyak, terutaam dengan masalah cadangan dan produksi
Geologi pertambangan, baik dalam hal system penambangan maupun pengarahan terhadap bentuk-bentuk mineralisasi, dll.
Umumnya dalam batuan sedimen, kekar dapat terbentuk mulai saat pengendapan atau terbentuk setelah pengendapannya, dimana sedimen tersebut sedang mengeras. Struktur kekar dipelajari dengan cara statistic, mengukur dan mengelompokan dalam bentuk diagram Rosset atau dengan diagram kontur (kutub).
IV. Struktur Sesar (fault)
A. Definisi
- adalah struktur dengan perpindahan besar material batuan di sepanjang celah di batu.
1. Vertical atau dip slip patahan(fault)
adalah tipe yang dengan pergerakan sepanjang kemiringan patahan - konsep hiasan dinding dan footwall penting dalam menentukan jenis patahan vertikal
· jika sudut kemiringan 90 derajat bukanlah sisi fault dengan bagian tanah yang tampaknya tergantung di atas bagian yang lebih rendah sebelum gerakan disebut hiasan dinding(hanging wall) dan pada bagian bawah, footwall
Sesar adalah satuan rekahan pada batuan yang telah mengalami pergeseran sehingga terjadi perpindahan anatara bagian-bagian yang berhadapan dengan arah yang sejajar dengan bidang patahan. Pergeseran-pergeseran yang telah terjadi pasda sesar, ukuran panjang mauypun kedalaman sesar dapat berkisar antara beberapa sentimeter saja sampai mencapai ratusan kilometer.Macam-macam sesar secara umum :
Sesar normal, yaitu gerak relative hanging wall turun terhadap footwall.
Sesar naik, yaitu gerak relative hanging wall terhadap footwall
Sesar mendatar, yaitu gerak relative mendatar pada bagian yang tersesarkan.
Istilah-istilah penting yang berhubungan dengan gejala sesar antara lain :
1. Bidang Sesar
Merupakan bidang rekahan pada batuan yang telah mengalami pergeseran.
2. Bagian-bagian yang tersesarkan (tergeser)
Bagian ini terdiri dari Hanging Wall dan Foot Wall.
a. Hanging Wall (Atap sesar)
Adalah bongkahan patahan yang berada dibagian atas bidang sesar.
b. Foot Wall (Alas sesar)
Adalah bongkahan patahan yang berada dibagian bawah bidang sesar.
3. Throw dan Heave
a. Throw,adalah jarak yang memisahkan lapisan atau vein yang terpatahkan yang diukur pada sesar dalam bidang tegak lurus padanya.
b. Heave,adalah jarak horizontal yang diukur normal (tegak lurus) pada sesar yang memisahkan bagian-bagian dari lapisan yang terpatahkan.
· lihat di bawah
Sesar normal - hiasan dinding bergerak ke bawah mengenai footwall · Membalikkan patahan - hiasan dinding bergerak naik sehubungan dengan footwall - rendah siku terbalik patahan disebut sebagai sesar
2. Horizontal atau strike slip patahan(fault)
adalah tipe yang dengan gerakan horisontal sepanjang gerakan batu retak dapat dibiarkan lateral atau kanan contoh terbaik samping dari lateral kanan strike Slip fault merupakan sesar San Andreas di California melihat ke bawah garis patahan dalam rencana tampilan depan, sisi kanan fault tampaknya telah bergerak ke arah Anda jika fault lateralis kanan atau kiri bergerak ke arah Anda jika fault kiri lateral
3. Oblique fault
adalah rekahan yang memiliki dip Slip utama dan komponen sesar
IV. Joint structures
A. Definisi Kekar (Joint)
- patahan pada dalam batuan dimana tidak ada perpindahan yang cukup sepanjang retakan - sering joint terjadi pada 2 set retak berpotongan antara 45-90 derajat membagi batu ke blok empat persegi panjang.
B. Penyebab Joint
1. Unloading atau efek lembaran (lihat Pelapukan)
2. Tekanan dalam magma pendinginan yang
dapat menyebabkan columnar jointing di mana terdapat fraktur 6-sisi yang terdiri dari pola jointing - Contoh terbaik adalah Devil's Tower, Wyoming
V. struktur unconformity
A. Definisi
- adalah permukaan non-deposisi atau erosi yang merupakan jeda dalam catatan batu adalah struktur yang terdiri dari urutan peristiwa geologi yang sering ada pada bagian yang signifikan dari sejarah geologi yang hilang melalui ketidakselarasan erosi besar-besaran digunakan untuk membantu geologi yang terpisah dalam pembagian waktu
1. Disconformity
serangkaian bentuk batuan sedimen, di samping non-deposisi atau erosi besar-besaran peristiwa terjadi, ketika serangkaian batuan sedimen yang lebih didepositkan
2. Ketidakselarasan sudut (Angular unconformity)
serangkaian bentuk batuan sedimen, batuan berikutnya dilipat atau dimiringkan, di samping non-deposisi atau erosi besar-besaran terjadi, maka serangkaian batuan sedimen membentuk lainnya
3. Nonconformity
bentuk batuan beku atau metamorf, di samping non-deposisi atau erosi besar-besaran maka menghasilkan peristiwa serangkaian bentuk batuan sedimen
Batuan bila mengalami gaya atau stress akan berubah atau mengalami perubahan,dalam geologi struktur hal ini disebut “Deformasi”.
Tahapan-tahapan Deformasi adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Elastic Deformation (Deformasi sementara)
Deformasi sementara ini terjadi jika kerja stress tidak melebihi batas elastis batuan. Begitu stress terhenti, maka bentuk atau posisi batuan kembali seperti semula.
2. Ductile Deformation
Yaitu deformasi yang melampaui batas elastis batuan. Mengakibatkan batuan berubah bentuk dan volume secara permanen, sehingga bentuknya berlainan dengan bentuk semula.
3. Fracture Deformation
Yaitu deformasi yang sangat melampaui batas elastis batuan, sehingga mengakibatkan pecah.
Seperti diketahui,bumi terdiri dari berbagai bagian yang paling luar (kerak bumi), tersusun oleh berbagai lapisan batuan.Kedudukan daripada batuan-batuan tersebut pada setiap tempat tidaklah sama, bergantung dari kekuatan tektonik yang sangat mempengaruhiya.
VI. Pentingnya struktur geologi
- Minyak dan gas alam terbentuk dan ditemukan terjebak di dalam lipatan bawah permukaan
- Faults, joint, dan fractures dapat berperan sebagai lorong untuk tanah dan rumah untuk deposit mineral berharga sebagai bijih emas, perak, tembaga dll
- Unconformities dapat digunakan untuk menandai batas-batas waktu geologi untuk era, periode, dan zaman
