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• Geologi struktur adalah studi mengenai distribusi tiga dimensi tubuh batuan dan permukaannya yang datar ataupun terlipat, beserta susunan internalnya.
• Geologi struktur mencakup bentuk permukaan yang juga dibahas pada studi geomorfologi, metamorfisme dan geologi rekayasa. Dengan mempelajari struktur tiga dimensi batuan dan daerah, dapat dibuat kesimpulan mengenai sejarah tektonik, lingkungan geologi pada masa lampau dan kejadian deformasinya. Hal ini dapat dipadukan pada waktu dengan menggunakan kontrol stratigrafi maupun geokronologi, untuk menentukan waktu pembentukan struktur tersebut.
• 1.Batuan Penyusun Lithosfer
a. Batuan beku
b. Batuan sedimen
c. Batuan metamorf
• Semua batuan pada mulanya dari magma.
Magma keluar di permukaan bumi antara lain melalui puncak gunung berapi. Gunung berapi ada di daratan ada pula yang di lautan. Magma yang sudah mencapai permukaan bumi akan membeku. Magma yang membeku kemudian menjadi batuan beku. Batuan beku muka bumi selama beribu-ribu tahun lamanya dapat hancur terurai selama terkena panas, hujan, serta aktifitas tumbuhan dan hewan.
Selanjutnya hancuran batuan tersebut tersangkut oleh air, angin atau hewan ke tempat lain untuk diendapkan. Hancuran batuan yang diendapkan disebut batuan endapan atau batuan sedimen. Baik batuan sedimen atau beku dapat berubah bentuk dalam waktu yang sangat lama karena adanya perubahan temperatur dan tekanan. Batuan yang berubah bentuk disebut batuan malihan atau batuan metamorf.
Untuk lebih memahami jenis-jenis batuan perhatikan uraian berikut :
a. Batuan Beku
Ada dua macam batuan beku, yaitu batuan beku dalam (contohnya batu granit), dan batuan beku luar (contohnya batu andesit.)
Untuk Mengetahui ketepatan batuan jenis batuan harus dilakukan uji laboratorium dengan menggunakan mikroskop untuk melihat bentuk kristal batuanya.
•Batuan sedimen
•Ada beberapa macam batuan sedimen, yaitu batuan sedimen klastik, sedimen kimiawi dan sedimen organic. Sedimen klastik berupa campuran hancuran batuan beku, contohnya breksi, konglomerat dan batu pasir. Sedimen kimiawi berupa endapan dari suatu pelarutan, contohnya batu kapur dan batu giok. Sedimen organic berupa endapan sisa sisa hewan dan tumbuhan laut contohnya batu gamping dan koral.
Batuan malihan atau metamorf adalah batuan yang berubah bentuk. Contohnya kapur (kalsit) berubah menjadi marmer, atau batuan kuarsa menjadi kuarsit
Lithosfer merupakan bagian bumi yang langsung berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan dan memiluki manfaat yang sangat besar bagi kehidupan di bumi. Lithosfer bagian atas merupakan tempat hidup bagi manusia, hewan dan tanaman. Manusia melakukan aktifitas di atas lithosfer.
Selanjutnya lithosfer bagian bawah mengandung bahan bahan mineral yang sangat bermanfaat bagi manusia. Bahan bahan mineral atau tambang yang berasal dari lithosfer bagian bawah diantaranya minyak bumi dan gas, emas, batu bara, besi, nikel dan timah.
• Melihat manfaat Litthosfer yang demikian besar tersebut sepantasnyalah kita selalu bersyukur terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa
• Bentuk muka bumi sebagai akibat proses vulkanisme dan diatropisme.
Mengapa bentuk permukaan bumi tidak merata. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya pengaruh dari luar bumi dan dalam bumi itu sendiri.
• Pengaruh dari dalam bumi berupa suatu tenaga yang sangat besar sehingga dapat membentuk muka bumi yang beraneka ragam. Tenaga yang berasal dari dalam bumi disebut tenaga endogen. Tenaga yang berasal dari luar bumi disebut tenaga eksogen. Tenaga eksogen bersifat merusak bentuk bentuk permukaan bumi yang dibangun atas tenaga endogen.
Tenaga endogen meliputi tektonisme, vulkanisme dan seisme, sedangkan tenaga eksogen meliputi pengikisan dan pengendapan.
Tenaga eksogen antara lain meliputi pelapukan (weathering) dan erosi (pengikisan).
• Gejala vulkanisme.
Vulkanisme yaitu peristiwa yang sehubungan dengan naiknya magma dari dalam perut bumi.
Magma adalah campuran batu-batuan dalam keadaan cair, liat serta sangat panas yang berada dalam perut bumi. Aktifitas magma disebabkan oleh tingginya suhu magma dan banyaknya gas yang terkandung di dalamnya sehingga dapat terjadi retakan-retakan dan pergeseran lempeng kulit bumi.Magma dapat berbentuk gas padat dan cair.
• Proses terjadinya vulkanisme dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas magma yang menyusup ke lithosfer (kulit bumi). Apabila penyusupan magma hanya sebatas kulit bumi bagian dalam dinamakan intrusi magma. Sedangkan penyusupan magma sampai keluar ke permukaan bumi disebut ekstrusi magma. Sampai di sini apakah anda dapat memahami. kalau anda sudah memahami mari ikuti penjelasan berikutnya!
• 1.1 Intrusi magma
intrusi magma adalah peristiwa menyusupnya magma di antara lapisan batu-batuan, tetapi tidak mencapai permukaan bumi. Intrusi magma dapat dibedakan menjadi empat, yaitu:
a) Intrusi datar (sill atau lempeng intrusi), yaitu magma menyusup diantara dua lapisan batuan, mendatar dan pararel dengan lapisan batuan tersebut.
b) Lakolit, yaitu magma yang menerobos di antara lapisan bumi paling atas. Bentuknya seperti lensa cembung atau kue serabi.
c) Gang (korok), yaitu batuan hasil intrusi magma yang menyusup dan membeku di sela sela lipatan (korok).
d) Diaterma adalah lubang (pipa) diantara dapur magma dan kepundan gunung berapi bentuknya seperti silinder memanjang.
•1.2 Ekstrusi magma
• Ekstrusi magma adalah peristiwa penyusupan magma hingga keluar Permukaan bumi dan membentuk gunung api. Hal ini terjadi bila tekanan Gas cukup kuat dan ada retakan pada kulit bumi . Ekstrusi magma dapat di bedakan Menjadi:
• Gunung merupakan tonjolan pada kulit bumi yang terdiri dari lereng dan puncak.
Rangkaian dari gunung-gunung membentuk pegunungan. Gunung dan pegunungan terbentuk karena adanya tenaga endogen.
Apabila suatu tempat di permukaan bumi yang pernah atau masih mengeluarkan magma maka terbentuklah gunung berapi.
• Berdasarkan tipe letusan gunung berapi dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu:
Kebanyakan gunung berapi di dunia merupakan gunung api kerucut. Letusan pada gunung api kerucut termasuk letusan kecil.letusan dapat berupa lelehan batuan yang panas dan cair. Seringnya terjadi lelehan menyebabkan lereng gunung berlapis lapis.Oleh karena itu, gunung api ini disebut gunung api strato. Sebagian besar gunung berapi di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara dan Maluku termasuk gunung api kerucut.
Bentuk gunung api maar seperti danau kering. Jenis gunung api maar seperti danau kering. Jenis gunung api maar tidak banyak. gunung berapi ini terbentuk karena ada letusan besar yang membentuk lubang besar pada puncak yang di sebut kawah. Gunung api maar memiliki corong. Contohnya Gunung Lamongan jawa Timur dengan kawahnya Klakah.
Di Indonesia tidak ada gunung yang berbentuk perisai. Gunung api perisai contohnya Maona Loa Hawaii, Amerika Serikat. Gunung api perisai terjadi karena magma cair keluar dengan tekanan rendah hampir tanpa letusan. Lereng gunung yang terbantuk menjadi sangat landai.
• Pada umumnya bentuk gunung berapi di Indonesia adalah strato (kerucut). Gunung berapi yang pernah meletus, umunya berpuncak datar. Oleh karena itu, di Indonesia sering terjadi peristiwa gunung meletus. Magma yang keluar ke permukaan bumi ada yang padat cair dan gas. Material yang dikeluarkan oleh gunung api tersebut, antara lain:
2) Lava dan lahar, berupa material cair.
3) Eksalasi (gas) berupa nitrogen belerang dan gas asam.
Ciri ciri gunung api yang akan meletus, antara lain:
1) Suhu di sekitar gunung naik.
2) Mata air mejadi kering
3) Sering mengeluarkan suara gemuruh, kadang kadang disertai getaran (gempa)
4) Tumbuhan di sekitar gunung layu, dan
5) Binatang di sekitar gunung bermigrasi
• Tanda tanda ini menandakan intrusi magma yang terus mendesak ke permukaan, apabila desakan ini cukup kuat, yang terjadi adalah letusan gunung berapi. Setelah terjadi letusan Gunung itu mengalami istirahat, tetapi aktifitas gunung tersebut masih berlangsung, sehingga suatu saat dapat mengeluarkan suatu tanda tanda aktif kembali. Peristiwa vulkanik yang terdapat pada gunung berapi setelah meletus (post vulkanik), antara lain:
1) terdapatnya sumber gas H2 S, H2O,dan CO2.
2) Sumber air panas atau geiser.Sumber gas ini ada yang sangat berbahaya bagi kehidupan. Bahkan dapat mematikan misalnya yang terjadi pada Kawah Sinila (Dieng) disamping berbahaya, gejala post vulkanik bermanfaat juga bagi kehidupan manusia. bahkan dapat juga dijadikan objek wisata , Misalnya air panas dan kawah gunung berapi.
• Danau vulkanikSetelah gunung merapi meletus atas kepundannya yang kedap air dapat menampung air dan membetuk danau. Danau vulkanik adalah danau yang terbentuk akibat letusan gunung yang kuat sehingga menghancurkan bagian puncaknya, kemudian membentuk sebuah cekungan besar, cekungan menampung air dan membentuk danau.
• Contoh danau vulkanik, antara lain: danau di pucak gunung lokon di Sulawesi Utara dan Danau Kelimutu di Flores.
Manfaat dan kerugian vulkanisme
Peristiwa vulkanik selain memberikan manfaat juga dapat menimbulkan kerugian harta benda maupun jiwa. Keuntungan yang kita peroleh setelah vulkanisme berlangsung antara lain:
1) Objek wisata berupa kawah (Kawah gunung Bromo ), sumber air panas yang memancar (Yellowstone di Amerika Serikat, dan Pelabuhan Ratu di Cisolok), sumber air mineral (Maribaya di Jawa Barat dan Baturaden di Jawa Tengah)
2) Sumber energi panas bumi misalnya di kamojang, Jawa Barat.
3) Tanah subur yang akan diperoleh setelah beberapa tahun kemudian.
Kerugian yang kita alami terutama adalah berupa jiwa dan harta benda, karena:
1) Gempa bumi yang dapat ditimbulkanya dapat merusak bangunan.
2) Kebakaran hutan akibat aliran lava pijar.
3) Tebaran abu yang sangat tebal dan meluas dapat merusak kesehatan dan mengotori sarana yang ada.
• 2. Bentuk muka bumi akibat diatropisme
Diatropisme adalah proses pembentukan kembali kulit bumi pembentukan gunung-gunung, lembah-lembah, lipatan lipatan dan retakan retakan. Proses pembentukan lembah kulit bumi tersebut karena adanya tenaga tektonik.
Tektonisme adalah tenaga yang berasal dari kulit bumi yang menyebabkan perubahan lapisan permukaan bumi, baik mendatar maupun vertikal. Tenaga tektonik adalah tenaga yang berasal dari dalam bumi yang menyebabkan gerak naik dan turun lapisan kulit bumi. Gerak itu meliputi gerak orogenetik dan gerak epirogenetik. (orogenesa dan epiro genesa).
Gerak orogenetik adalah gerak yang dapat menimbulkan lipatan patahan retakan disebabkan karena gerakan dalam bumi yang besar dan meliputi daerah yang sempit serta berlangsung dalam waktu yang singkat.
• Lipatan yaitu gerakan pada lapisan bumi yang tidak terlalu besar dan berlangsung dalam waktu yang lama sehingga menyebabkan lapisan kulit bumi berkerut atau melipat, kerutan atau lipatan bumi ini yang nantinya menjadi pegunungan. Punggung lipatan dinamakan antliklinal, daerah lembah (sinklinal) yang sangat luas dinamakan geosinklinal, ada beberapa lipatan, yaitu lipatan tegak miring, rebah, menggantung, isoklin dan kelopak
Lipatan
• Patahan yaitu gerakan pada lapisan bumi yang sangat besar dan berlangsung yang dalam waktu yang sangat cepat, sehingga menyebabkan lapisan kulit bumi retak atau patah. Bagian muka bumi yang mengalami patahan seperti graben dan horst. Horst adalah tanah naik, terjadi bila terjadi pengangkatan. Graben adalah tanah turun, terjadi bila blok batuan mengalami penurunan
