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| Foto diambil saat mengikuti Lomba Kalimantan Student Mining Competition 2 di Banjarbaru |
Di dalam banyak bidang pekerjaan, kita sering menggunakan sebuah peta sebagai dasar rencana kerja. Kita sering tidak mengetahui bagaimana peta itu dihasilkan, siapa yang terlibat, proses-proses yang terjadi di dalamnya, bagaimana keandalan peta tersebut.
Pengetahuan perpetaan ini sangat penting untuk menunjang proses perencanan kewilayahan. Hal ini penting mengingal proses perencanaan kewilayahan selalu berhubungan dengan peta.
Peta sebagai sebuah media komunikasi antara manusia dengan kondisi lapangan saat ini menjadi penting ketika dibutuhkannya informasi lokasi, posisi objek – objek penting di lapangan yang menjadi dasar bagi sebuah perencanaan pekerjaan
Kalau Anda bertanya kapan peta mulai ada dan digunakan manusia? Jawabannya adalah peta mulai ada dan digunakan manusia, sejak manusia melakukan penjelajahan dan penelitian. Walaupun masih dalam bentuk yang sangat sederhana yaitu dalam bentuk sketsa mengenai lokasi suatu tempat.
Pada awal abad ke 2 (87 M – 150 M), Claudius Ptolomaeus mengemukakan mengenai pentingnya peta. Kumpulan dari peta peta karya Claudius Ptolomaeus dibukukan dan diberi nama “Atlas Ptolomaeus”.
- Geodesi adalah sebuah disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari tentang bentuk bumi.
- Pengukuran adalah sebuah teknik pengambilan data yang dapat memberikan nilai panjang, tinggi dan arah relatif dari sebuah obyek ke obyek lainnya.
- Pemetaan adalah proses pembuatan peta berdasarkan olahan data hasil pengukuran.
PETA TEMATIK
Anda masih ingat, bahwa peta terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu peta umum dan peta tematik? Perbedaan kedua jenis peta tersebut terletak dari informasi yang ada di dalam peta.
Dengan mempelajari jenis peta Anda akan mengetahui peta itu bisa digunakan sangat beragam, sukar untuk menghitung jumlah peta yang sebenarnya.
Jenis Peta bedasarkan isinya
Berdasarkan isinya peta dapat digolongkan menjadi dua jenis, yaitu: peta umum dan peta khusus (tematik).
1. Peta Umum
Peta umum adalah peta yang menggambarkan permukaan bumi secara umum.
Peta umum ini memuat semua kenampakan yang terdapat di suatu daerah, baik kenampakan fisis (alam) maupun kenampakan sosial budaya. Kenampakan fisi misalnya sungai, gunung, laut, danau dan lainnya.
Kenampakan sosial budaya misalnya jalan raya, jalan kereta api, pemukiman penduduk dan lainnya.
Peta umum ada dua jenis yaitu: peta topografi dan chorografi.
a. Peta Topografi
Peta topografi yaitu peta yang menggambarkan bentuk relief (tinggi rendahnya) permukaan bumi. Peta ini dilengkapi dengan kenampakkan yang lain, seperti bentang alam dan bentang budaya secara detail.
Peta ini pada umumnya mempunyai skala besar antara 1 : 50.000 sampai dengan 1 : 100.000.
b. Peta chorografi
Yaitu peta yang menggambarkan seluruh atau sebagian permukaan bumi dengan skala yang lebih kecil. Misalnya: Peta Dunia, Atlas.
2. Peta Khusus (tematik)
Peta khusus atau peta tematik adalah peta yang menggambarkan tema atau fenomena geosfer tertentu yang ditonjolkan. Tema peta -peta tematik tercermin pada simbol-simbol yang digunakan misalnya kepadatan penduduk, peta suhu udara, peta curah hujan, chart dan sebagainya.
Chart adalah peta jalur penerbangan atau pelayaran. Dalam chart ini yang penting adalah tempat-tempat yang akan disinggahi pesawat atau kapal, dengan arah dan jarak yang tepat.
Simbol-simbol pada peta tematik
Peta tematik dapat menggambarkan yang ada di permukaan bumi secara spesifik, baik secara kualitatif maupun statistik.
Menurut dimensinya jenis kenampakan yang ada dipermukaan bumi dapat dikelompokkan menjadi:
a. Kenampakan posisional (kenampakan titik), adalah bentuk kenampakan yang tidak memiliki dimensi, tetapi hanya menjelaskan bahwa di tempat tertentu ada obyek, misalnya mata air, mesjid, industri dan pelabuhan udara.
b. Kenampakan linier (garis) adalah kumpulan yang dianggap memiliki satu dimensi, berupa panjang. Misalnya, ruas jalan, sungai, garis pantai, jalan kereta api dan batas negara.
c. Kenampakan luasan (Areal), kenampakan yang memiliki dua dimensi yaitu panjang dan lebar
Cara Pembuatan Peta Tematik
Syarat utama adalah ketersediaan data dan mengetahui lokasi data itu berada.
Adanya peta dasar.
Karena peta dasar memberikan informasi dasar tentang wilayah yang akan dipetakan, seperti informasi batas wilayah, jalan, sungai, danau, atau laut sehingga mudah dalam menempatkan data.
Misalnya: Kita akan membuat peta tematik yang menunjukkan informasi tentang penyebaran jumlah penduduk di berbagai kecamatan di Kabupaten Tapin. Untuk itu kita harus mempuyai data tentang jumlah penduduk tiap kecamatan di kabupaten Tapin. Kita juga harus memiliki peta dasar wilayah kabupaten Tapin yang memuat berbagai informasi, antara lain batas wilayah, kecamatan, jalan, sungai, dan sebagainya.
Data dalam pembuatan peta bisa dari mana saja sumbernya, misalnya pengukuran langsung, penyadapan citra penginderaan jauh, penggunaan peta-peta yang sudah ada dan data statistik
Adapun peta yang dapat diklasifikasikan menurut macam persoalan (maksud dan tujuan), antara lain meliputi: peta geologi, peta tanah, peta ekonomi, peta kependudukan, peta iklim, dan peta tata guna lahan (Prihandito 1989: 4).
Definisi PETA
Peta adalah sebuah model dari obyek atau banyak obyek yang bereferensi bumi.
Atau
Suatu refresentasi / gambaran unsur-unsur atau kenampakan-kenampakan abstrak, yang dipilih dari permukaan bumi dan umumnya digambarkan pada suatu bidang datar dan diperkecil / diskalakan.
Menurut aryono prihandoto , 1989 :
Peta adalah merupakan gambaran dari permukaan bumi dalam skala tertentu dan digambarkan di atas bidang datar melalui sistem proyeksi.
FAKTOR
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BUMI
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PETA
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KETERANGAN
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BIDANG
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LENGKUNG
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DATAR
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PROYEKSI
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KELUASAN
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LUAS
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TERBATAS
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SKALA
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BENTUK
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BERUBAH
ALAMIAH
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TETAP
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UPDATE
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Bidang ilmu yang mempelajari teknik pembuatan peta ini disebut dengan kartografi, sedangkan ahlinya disebut kartografer.
PERPETAAN
Ø Alat-alat yang digunakan?
Ø Bagaimana cara pengukuran?
Ø Bagaimana cara penggambaran / pembuatan peta?
FUNGSI DAN TUJUAN PETA
Menurut Aryo Prihandito dalam Bukunya Kartografi ( 1989 ), fungsi Peta dapat diuraikan menjadi beberapa hal sebagai berikut :
- Menunjukan lokasi atau posisi relatif ( letak suatu tempat dalam hubungannya dengan tempat lain di permukaan bumi.
- Memperlihatkan ukuran ( dari peta dapat diukur luas daerah dan jarak-jarak di atas permukaan bumi
- Memperlihatkan / menunjukan bentuk ( misalnya bentuk dari benua-benua, negara, gunung dan lain-lainnya ) sehingga dimensinya dapat terlihat dalam peta.
- Mengumpulkan dan menyeleksi data-data dari suatu daerah dan menyajikannya di atas peta
Sedangkan tujuan Peta menurut Aryono Prihandito, yaitu :
- - Untuk komunikasi informasi ruang
- - Untuk menyimpan informasi - Digunakan untuk membantu suatu pekerjaan. Misalnya untuk konstruksi jalan, navigasi, perencanaan wilayah dll
- - Digunakan untuk membantu dalam suatu desain. Misalnya pembuatan desain jalan, terowongan
- - Untuk analisis data spasial ( menghitung volume/luas )
Peta foto adalah peta yang dihasilkan dari mosaik foto udara / ortofoto yang dilengkapi garis kontur, nama, dan legenda (Prihandito 1989: 3).
Adapun peta garis adalah peta yang menyajikan detil alam dan buatan manusia dalam bentuk titik, garis, dan luasan (Prihandito 1989: 3). Peta ini terdiri atas peta topografi dan peta tematik
1. Peta Topografi
Berisikan berbagai informasi tentang bentukan alami permukaan bumi / peta yang menampilkan, semua unsur yang berada di atas permukaan bumi, baik unsur alam maupun buatan manusia, sehingga disebut juga peta umum
2. Peta Tematik
Berisikan informasi spesifik tentang suatu bentukan alami atau fenomena yang ada di permukaan bumi .
Ditinjau dari skalanya, peta dapat dibedakan menjadi peta skala besar (1:50.000 atau lebih kecil, misalnya 1:25.000) dan peta skala kecil (1:500.000 atau lebih besar).
Adapun menurut klasifikasi berdasarkan fungsi, terdapat tiga macam peta, yaitu:
- - Peta umum- Peta thematik
- - Kart / chart ( peta yang didesain untuk keperluan navigasi, nautical
3. Tanda Arah atau Tanda Orientasi
Tanda arah atau tanda orientasi penting artinya pada suatu peta. Gunanya untuk menunjukkan arah utara, Selatan, Timur dan Barat. Tanda orientasi perlu dicantumkan pada peta untuk menghindari kekeliruan. Tanda arah pada peta biasanya berbentuk tanda panah yang menunjuk ke arah Utara.
4. Legenda atau keterangan
Legenda pada peta menerangkan arti dari simbol-simbol yang terdapat pada peta. Legenda itu harus dipahami oleh si pembaca peta, agar tujuan pembuatan peta itu mencapai sasaran. Legenda biasanya diletakkan di pojok kiri bawah / samping kanan peta.
5. Simbol dan Warna
Agar pembuatan peta dapat dilakukan dengan baik, ada dua hal yang perlu mendapat perhatian, yaitu simbol dan warna.
Pada peta, Anda juga akan melihat simbol-simbol, gunanya agar informasi yang disampaikan tidak membingungkan. Simbol-simbol dalam peta harus memenuhi syarat, sehingga dapat menginformasikan hal-hal yang digambarkan dengan tepat.
Syarat-syarat tersebut adalah:
- - sederhana
- - mudah dimengerti
- - bersifat umum Macam-macam simbol peta:
1) Macam-macam simbol peta berdasarkan bentuknya
Bentuk-bentuk simbol yang digunakan pada peta berbeda-beda tergantung dari jenis petanya.
a) Simbol titik, digunakan untuk menyajikan tempat atau data posisional, seperti simbol kota, pertambangan, titik trianggulasi (titik ketinggian) tempat dari permukaan laut dan sebagainya.
Misalnya sungai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan sebagainya.
Berdasarkan simbol batang yang terdapat pada peta dan harga setiap ruasnya (1 ruas harganya 100.000 ton padi), dapat disimpulkan wilayah (provinsi) yang produksi padinya terbanyak adalah Kalimantan Selatan dan paling sedikit adalah Kalimantan Timur.
f) Simbol lingkaran, digunakan untuk menyatakan kuantitas (jumlah) dalam bentuk persentase.
Berdasarkan simbol lingkaran pada gambar dapat disimpulkan bahwa 1/4 bagian (25%) tanah digunakan untuk lain-lain (selain pertanian, perkebunan dan hutan). Sedangkan 3/ 8 bagian (37,5%) digunakan untuk pertanian, 3/8 bagian (37,5%) lagi digunakan untuk perkebunan dan kehutanan. Pada simbol lingkaran, luas lingkaran mencerminkan jumlah data.
g) Simbol bola, digunakan untuk menyatakan isi (volume), makin besar simbol bola menunjukkan isi (volume) makin besar dan sebaliknya makin kecil bola berarti isi (volume) makin kecil.
2) Macam-macam simbol peta berdasarkan sifatnya
- Berdasarkan sifatnya, simbol peta dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu:
Simbol ini digunakan untuk membedakan persebaran benda yang di gambarkan. Misalnya untuk menggambarkan daerah penyebaran hutan, jenis tanah, penduduk dan lainnya.
Keterangan gambar
Untuk membedakan antara daerah A, B dan C, digunakan arsir yang berbeda.
b) Simbol yang bersifat kuantitatif
Simbol ini digunakan untuk membedakan atau menyatakan jumlah.
Peta ini menggambarkan tingkat kepadatan penduduk. Makin rapat jarak antara titik menunjukkan daerah tersebut tingkat kepadatan penduduknya makin tinggi. Dapat disimpulkan daerah A memiliki kepadatan penduduk tertinggi dibandingkan dengan B dan C.
3) Macam macam simbol berdasarkan fungsinya
Penggunaan simbol pada peta tergantung fungsinya. Untuk menggambarkan bentuk-bentuk muka bumi di daratan, di perairan, atau bentuk-bentuk budaya manusia.
Berdasarkan fungsinya simbol peta dapat dibedakan menjadi:
a) Simbol daratan
b) Simbol perairan
c) Simbol budaya
a) Simbol daratan, digunakan untuk simbol-simbol permukaan bumi di daratan.
Contoh: gunung, pegunungan, gunung api.
b) Simbol perairan, digunakan untuk simbol-simbol bentuk perairan.
Contoh: simbol perairan.
c) Simbol budaya, digunakan untuk simbol simbol, bentuk hasil budaya.
Contoh: simbol budaya.
b. Warna
Perhatikan peta yang ada di sekolah Anda, warna apa saja yang ada pada peta tersebut? Peta yang berwarna akan lebih indah dilihat dan kenampakan yang ingin disajikan juga kelihatan lebih jelas.
Contohnya:
- Untuk laut, danau, sungai digunakan warna biru.
- Untuk temperatur (suhu) digunakan warna merah atau coklat.
- Untuk curah hujan digunakan warna biru atau hijau.
- Daerah pegunungan tinggi/dataran tinggi (2000 - 3000 meter) digunakan warna coklat tua.
- Untuk dataran rendah (pantai) ketinggian 0 sampai 200 meter dari permukaan laut digunakan warna hijau.
- Untuk jalan, digunakan warna hitam, coklat
- Batas administrasi, digunakan warna hitam
6. Sumber dan Tahun Pembuatan Peta
Bila Anda membaca peta, perhatikan sumbernya. Sumber memberi kepastian kepada pembaca peta, bahwa data dan informasi yang disajikan dalam peta tersebut benar-benar absah (dipercaya/akurat), dan bukan data fiktif atau hasil rekaan. Hal ini akan menentukan sejauh mana si pembaca peta dapat mempercayai data/informasi tersebut. Selain sumber, perhatikan juga tahun pembuatannya. Pembaca peta dapat mengetahui bahwa peta itu masih cocok atau tidak untuk digunakan pada masa sekarang atau sudah kadaluarsa karena sudah terlalu lama.