Pengertian Mekanika Rekayasa
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Online programs have typically been likened to diploma mills that hand higher degrees to any individual eager to fork over the money. Masters degree pupils can be assured that the online programs they enlist in are legitimate programs aimed at mentor specialist skills and increasing the potential for higher wages as well as work bankability.
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MEKANIKA REKAYASA
Mekanika Rekayasa adalah suatu ilmu yang mempelajar tentang perilaku struktur terhadap beban yang berkerja padanya. Dan merupakan reaksi yang menciptakan kestabilan atau keseimbangan kontruksi. Muatan yang membebani suatu kontruksi akan dirambatkan oleh kontruksi ke dalam tanah melalui pondasi. Gaya-gaya dari tanah yang memberikan perlawanan terhadap gaya rambat tersebut dinamakan reaksi.
Sebagian besar bidang yang dipelajari dalam bidang mekanika rekayasa adalah yang menyangkut tentang gaya, baik gaya reaksi, gaya internal (gaya dalam) ataupun gaya eksternal (gaya luar).
- Baca Juga (Sejarah Singkat Tentang Engineering)
Mekanika rekayasa yang juga dikenal sebagai mekanika teknik yaitu merupakan bidang ilmu utama yang dipelajari dalam ilmu teknik tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mengetahui perilaku dari suatu struktur bila menerima suatu beban sehingga diketahui kekuatan dari penampang dan perletakan yang diperlukan untuk merancang dimensi penampang dan perletakan suatu struktur.
- Mekanika statis tertentu
- Mekanika statis tak tentu
Pokok utama dari ilmu tersebut adalah mempelajari perilaku struktur terhadap beban yang bekerja padanya. Perilaku struktur tersebut umumnya adalah lendutan dan gaya-gaya (gaya reaksi dan gaya internal).
Dalam mempelajari perilaku struktur maka hal-hal yang banyak dibicarakan adalah:
- Stabilitas
- keseimbangan gaya
- kompatibilitas antara deformasi dan jenis tumpuannnya elastisitas
Dengan mengetahui gaya-gaya dan lendutan yang terjadi maka selanjutnya struktur tersebut dapat direncanakan atau diproporsikan dimensinya berdasarkan material yang digunakan sehingga aman dan nyaman (lendutannya tidak berlebihan) dalam menerima beban tersebut.
GAYA LUAR
Gaya luar dalah muatan dan reaksi yang menciptakan kestabilan atau keseimbangan konstruksi. Muatan yang membebani suatu kontruksi akan dirambatkan oleh kontruksi ke dalam tanah melalui pondasi. Gaya-gaya dari tanah yang memberikan perlawanan terhadap gaya rambat tersebut dinamakan reaksi.
Muatan
Muatan adalah beban yang membebani suatu konstruksi baik berupa berat kendaraan, kekuatan angin, dan berat angin.
Muatan-muatan tersebut mempunyai besaran, arah, dan garis kerja, misalnya:
- Angin bekerja tegak lurus bidang yang menentangnya, dan diperhitungkan misalnya 40 kN/m2, arahnya umum mendatar.
- Berat kendaraan, merupakan muatan titik yang mempunyai arh gaya tegak lurus bidang singgung roda, dengan besaran misalnya 5 tN.
- Daya air, bekerja tegak lurus dinding di mana ada air, besarnya daya air dihitung secara hidrostatis, makin dalam makin besar dayanya.
1. Ada muatan yang bekerjanya sementara dan ada pula yang terus-menerus (permanen). Mutan yang dimaksud adalah:
- Muatan mati, yaitu muatan tetap pada konstruksi yang tidak dapat dipindahkan atau tidak habis. Misalnya:
Ø Berat tegel pada pelat lantai misalnya 72 kN/m2.
2. Ada muatan yang garis kerjanya dianggap suatu titik, ada yang tersebar. Muatan yang dimaksud adalah:
- Muatan titik atau muatan terpusat. Yaitu muatan yang garis kerjanya dianggap bekerja melalui satu titik, misalnya:
Ø Berat kolom pada pondasi misalnya 5000 kN;
Muatan terbagi ini dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut:
Ø Muatan terbagi rata, yaitu muatan terbagi yang dianggap sama pada setiap satuan luas.
Ø Muatan terbagi tidak rata teratur, yaitu muatan yang terbagi tidak sama berat untuk setiap satuan luas.
3. Muatan momen, yaitu muatan momen akibat dari muatan titik pada konstruksi sandaran. Gaya horizontal pada sandaran menyebabkan momen pada balok.
4. Muatan puntir, suatu gaya nonkoplanar mungkin bekerja pada suatu balok sehingga menimbulkan suatu muatan puntir, namun masih pada batas struktur statik tertentu.
5. Dalam kehiduypan sehari-hari sering dijumpai muatan yang bekerjanya tidak langsung pada konstruksi, seperti penutup atap ditumpu oleh gording dan tidak langsung pada kuda-kuda.
Perletakan
Perletakan adalah suatu konstruksi direncanakan untuk suatau keperluan tertentu.
Tugas utama suatu konstruksi adalah mengumpulkan gaya akibat muatan yang bekerja padanya dan meneruskannya ke bumi. Untuk melaksanakan tugasnya dengan baik maka konstruksi harus berdiri dengan kokoh. Rosenthal menyatakan bahwa semua beban diteruskan ke bumi melalui sesingkat-singkatnya.
Kondisi yang harus dipertimbangkan?
Pertama yang harus dipertimbangkan adalah stabilitas konstruksi. Suatu konstruksi akan stabil bila konstruksi diletakkan di atas pondasi yang baik. Pondasi akan melawan gaya aksi yang diakibatkan oleh muatan yang diteruskan oleh konstruksi kepada pondasi. Gaya lawan yang ditimbulkan pada pondasi disebut: Reaksi. Dalam kasus ini pondasi digambarkan sebagai perletakan. Berikut ini diuraikan tiga jenis perletakan yang merupakan jenis perletakan yang umum digunakan. Yaitu perletakan yang dapat menahan momen, gaya vertikal dan gaya horizontal.dan ada maca-macam perletakan yang perlu dipahami yaitu:
Ø Perletakan sendi, yaitu perletakan terdiri dari poros dan lubang sendi. Pada perletakan demikian dianggap sendinya licin sempurna, sehingga gaya singgung antara poros dan sendi tetap normal terhadap bidang singgung, dan arah gaya ini akan melalui pusat poros.
Ø Perletakan geser, yaitu perletakan yang selalu memiliki lubang sendi. Apabila poros ini licin sempurna maka poros ini hanya dapat meneruskan gaya yang tegak lurus bidang singgung di mana poros ini diletakkan.
Ø Perletakan pendel, yaitu suatu perletakan yang titik tangkap dan garis kerjanya diketahui.
Ø Perletakan jepit, perletakan ini seolah-olah dibuat dari balok yang ditanamkan pada perletakannya, demikian sehingga mampu menahan gaya-gaya maupun momen dan bahkan dapat menahan torsi.
GAYA DALAM
Gaya dalam adalah gaya rambat yang diimbangi oleh gaya yang berasal dari bahan konstruksi, berupa gaya lawan, dari konstruksi.
Analisis hitungan gaya dalam dan urutan hitungan ini dapat diuraikan secara singkat sebagai berikut:
- Menetapkan dan menyederhanakan konstruksi menjadi suatu sistem yang memenuhi syarat yang diminta.
- Menetapkan muatan yang bekerja pada konstruksi ini.
- Menghitung keseimbangan luar.
- Menghitung keseimbangan dalam.
- Memeriksa kembali semua hitungan.
Misalkan pada sebuah balok dijepit salah satu ujungnya dan dibebani oleh gaya P seperti pada gambar 3.2.
 |
| Gambar 2.3 |
Apabila konstruksi dalam keadaan seimbang, maka pada suatu titik X sejauh x dari B akan timbul gaya dalam yang mengimbangi P.
Gaya dalam yang mengimbangi gaya aksi ini tentunya bekerja sepanjang sumbu batang sama besar dan mengarah berlawanan dengan gaya aksi ini. Gaya dalam ini disebut Gaya normal (N).
Bila gaya aksi berbalik arah maka berbalik pula arah gaya normalnya. Nilai gaya normal di titik X ini dinyatakan sebagai Nx.
 |
| Gambar 3.3 |
Gaya dalam yang tegak lurus sumbu disebut Gaya lintang, disingkat LX dan momen yang menahan lentur pada bagian ini disebut Momen Lentur disingkat MX.
Dari uraian di atas, gaya-gaya dalam dibedakan menjadi tiga :
- Gaya normal (N), yaitu gaya dalam yang bekerja searah sumbu balok.
- Gaya lintang (L), yaitu gaya dalam yang bekerja tegak lurus sumbu balok.
- Momen lentur (F), yaitu gaya dalam yang menahan lemtur sumbu balok
Gaya Normal diberi tanda positif (+) apabila gaya itu cenderung menimbulkan gaya tarik pada batang dan diberi tanda negatif (-) apabila gaya itu cenderung menimbulkan sifat desak.
Gaya lintang diberi tanda positif (+) apabila gaya itu cenderung menimbulkan patah dan putaran jarum jam, dan diberikan tanda negatif (-) apabila gaya itu cenderung menimbulkan kebalikannya.
Momen lentur diberi tanda positif (+) apabila gaya itu menyebabkan sumbu batang cekung ke atas dan diberi tanda negatif (-) apabila gaya itu menyebabkan sumbu batang cekung ke bawah.
Hubungan antara Muatan, Gaya Lintang, dan Momen
Untuk membahas pertanyaan tersebut, harus mempelajari suatu struktur sederhana yang dibebani muatan penuh terbagi rata.
Gaya dalam di m dapat dihitung sebesar:
Mm = Va.x – ½ qx2 =
½ qlx – ½ qx2……………….(1.1)
Lm = ½ ql – qx……………………….(1.2)
Gaya dalam di n dapat dihitung sebesar:
Mn = Va (x + dx) – 1/2q (x + dx)2…………(1.4)
Ln = ½ qL – q (x + dx)……………………….(1.5)
Persamaan (1.4) dan (1.5) tersebut dapat ditulis
Sebagai:
Mn = Mm + dM =
Mm + Lm.dx – q.dx.1/2 dx…………..(1.6)
Ln = Lm + dL = Lm – q.dx……………………(1.7)
Persamaan tersebut setelah diselesaikan didapat:
dM/dx = Lx……………………………………….(1.8)
dL/dx = – q……………………………...………..(1.9)
Kiranya perlu ditambahkan bahwa perubahan nilai beban ditiap titik adalah tetap, yang berarti dq/dx = 0
Dengan demikian memang terbukti adanya hubungan antara muatan, gaya lintang dan momen. Hubungan itu tampak pula pada persamaan-persamaan di atas, yaitu: gaya lintang merupakan fungsi turunan dari momen , dan beban merupakan fungsi turunan dari gaya lintang, atau sebaliknya gaya lintang merupakan jumlah integrasi dari beban, dan momen merupakan jumlah integrasi dari gaya lintang.
Satuan Konversi untuk Pembebanan
1 mpa = 1000 kpa = 1 ksi
1 mpa = 1 n/mm2 = 10 kg/cm2 = 100t/m2
1 mpa =100t/m2 = 100.000kg/m2
1 kpa = 100kg/m2
1 mpa = 1000 kpa
1 kpa =1kn /m2 1kn =100kg/m2
fc beton ( mutu beton) missal k 225 kg/cm2 dibagi 10 = 22,5 mpa
fy main ( mutu baja pokok ) = 400 mpa = 40.000t/m2
fy sec ( mutu baja sengakang = 240 mpa = 24000t/m)
Satuan Konversi untuk Gaya
N = 0.001 kN
[KN] = 1 kN
MN = 1000 kN
lb (pon) = 0044482 kN
klb (kilopon) = 4.4482 kN
Sumber : belajar-teknik-sipil.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengertian-mekanika-rekayasa.html