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Penggolongan Bahan Galian Industri

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Penggolongan Bahan Galian Industri


DEFINISI BAHAN GALIAN INDUSTRI

Bahan Galian Industri Merupakan Semua Mineral dan Batuan kecuali mineral logam dan energi, yang digali dan diproses untuk penggunaan akhir industri dan konstruksi termasuk juga minerallogam yang bukan untuk dilebur seperti bauksit, kromit, ilmenit, bijih, mangan, zircon dan lainnya.

Penggolongan bahan galian berdasarkan Pemanfaatannya

Bahan galian menurut pemanfaatannya dikelompokkan atas tiga golongan :
  1. Bahan galian Logam / Bijih (Ore); merupakan bahan galian yang bila dioleh dengan teknologi tertentu akan dapat diambil dan dimanfaatkan logamnya, seperti timah, besi, tembaga, nikel, emas, perak, seng, dll
  2. Bahan galian Energi; merupakan bahan galian yang dimanfaatkan untuk energi, misalnya batubara dan minyak bumi.
  3. Bahan galian Industri; merupakan bahan galian yang dimanfaatkan untuk industri, seperti asbes, aspal, bentonit, batugamping, dolomit, diatomae, gipsum, halit, talk, kaolin, zeolit, tras

Penggolongan bahan galian di Indonesia

Di Indonesia, penggolongan bahan galian dapat dilihat dalam Undang-Undang No 11 tahun 1967 tentang Ketentuan-Ketentuan Pokok Pertambangan. Dalam UU ini, bahan galian dibagi atas tiga golongan :
  1. golongan bahan galian strategis (Golongan A)
  2. golongan bahan galian vital (Golongan B)
  3. golongan bahan galian yang tidak termasuk dalam Golongan A atau B.

Penggolongan bahan-bahan galian didasari pada :
  • Nilai strategis/ekonomis bahan galian terhadap Negara;
  • Terdapatnya sesuatu bahan galian dalam alam (genese);
  • Penggunaan bahan galian bagi industri;
  • Pengaruhnya terhadap kehidupan rakyat banyak;
  • Pemberian kesempatan pengembangan pengusaha;
  • Penyebaran pembangunan di Daerah

Selanjutnya UU 11/1967 ini ditindaklanjuti dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Tentang Penggolongan Bahan Galian (PP No 27/1980), yang menyatakan sebagai berikut:

A. Golongan bahan galian yang strategis adalah:
  • minyak bumi, bitumen cair, lilin bumi, gas alam;
  • bitumen padat, aspal;
  • antrasit, batubara, batubara muda;
  • uranium, radium, thorium dan bahan-bahan galian radioaktip lainnya;
  • nikel, kobalt;
  • timah

B. Golongan bahan galian yang vital adalah:
  • besi, mangan, molibden, khrom, wolfram, vanadium, titan;
  • bauksit, tembaga, timbal, seng;
  • emas, platina, perak, air raksa, intan;
  • arsin, antimon, bismut;
  • yttrium, rhutenium, cerium dan logam-logam langka lainnya;
  • berillium, korundum, zirkon, kristal kwarsa;
  • kriolit, fluorpar, barit;
  • yodium, brom, khlor, belerang;

C. Golongan bahan galian yang tidak termasuk golongan A atau B adalah:
  • nitrat-nitrat, pospat-pospat, garam batu (halite);
  • asbes, talk, mika, grafit, magnesit;
  • yarosit, leusit, tawas (alum), oker;
  • batu permata, batu setengah permata;
  • pasir kwarsa, kaolin, feldspar, gips, bentonit;
  • batu apung, tras, obsidian, perlit, tanah diatome, tanah serap (fullers earth);
  • marmer, batu tulis;
  • batu kapur, dolomit, kalsit;
  • granit, andesit, basal, trakhit, tanah liat, dan pasir sepanjang tidak mengandung unsur-unsur mineral golongan a amupun golongan b dalam jumlah yang berarti ditinjau dari segi ekonomi pertambangan.

    Sementara itu, dalam bagian Penjelasan, dicantumkan bawa arti penggolongan bahan-bahan galian adalah :
    Bahan galian Strategis berarti strategis untuk Pertahanan dan Keamanan serta Perekonomian Negara, Bahan galian Vital berarti dapat menjamin hajat hidup orang banyak, Bahan galian yang tidak termasuk bahan galian Strategis dan Vital berarti karena sifatnya tidak langsung memerlukan pasaran yang bersifat internasional.

    Dari penggolongan bahan galian di atas, terlihat bahwa bahan galian industri sebagian besar termasuk ke dalam bahan galian golongan C, walaupun beberapa jenis termasuk dalam bahan galian golongan yang lain.

    Sukadarrumidi Bahan Galian Industri
    Bahan Galian Industri


    Penggolongan bahan galian industri berdasarkan atas asosiasi dengan batuan tempat terdapatnya, dengan mengacu pada Tushadi dkk [1990, dalam Sukandarumidi, 1999] adalah sebagai berikut :


    A. Kelompok I : BGI yang berkaitan dengan Batuan Sedimen.
    Kelompok ini dapat dibagi menjadi :
    Sub Kelompok A : BGI yang berkaitan dengan batugamping : Batugamping, dolomit, kalsit, marmer, oniks, Posfat, rijang, dan gipsum.
    Sub Kelompok B : BGI yang berkaitan dengan batuan sedimen lainnya : bentonit, ballclay dan bondclay, fireclay, zeolit, diatomea, yodium, mangan, felspar.

    B. Kelompok II, BGI yang berkaitan dengan batuan gunung api :
    obsidian, perlit, pumice, tras, belerang, trakhit, kayu terkersikkan, opal, kalsedon, andesit dan basalt, paris gunung api, dan breksi pumice.

    C. Kelompok III, BGI yang berkaitan dengan intrusi plutonik batuan asam & ultra basa :
    granit dan granodiorit, gabro dan peridotit, alkali felspar, bauksit, mika, dan asbes

    D. Kelompok IV, BGI yang berkaitan dengan batuan endapan residu & endapan letakan :
    lempung, pasir kuarsa, intan, kaolin, zirkon, korundum, kelompok kalsedon, kuarsa kristal, dan sirtu

    E. Kelompok V, BGI yang berkaitan dengan proses ubahan hidrotermal :
    barit, gipsum, kaolin, talk, magnesit, pirofilit, toseki, oker, dan tawas.

    F. Kelompok VI, BGI yang berkaitan dengan batuan metamorf :
    kalsit, marmer, batusabak, kuarsit, grafit, mika dan wolastonit.

    Maka sebagian besar bahan galian industri termasuk bahan galian tidak termasuk a atau b atau lebih dikenal sebagai Golongan C yang juga sering disebut bahan galian industri dan di lingkungan Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral termasuk dalam Mineral Non Logam, yang di dalamnya termasuk batuan.
    Definisi di atas sekarang ini sudah tidak tepat lagi, karena dengan semakin berkembangnya teknologi industri manufaktur menuntut produk-produk bahan galian industri sebagai bahan baku yang mempunyai spesifikasi tertentu (uniform berderajad tinggi), yang untuk memperolehnya kadang-kadang memerlukan proses pengolahan yang panjang dan komplek. Demikian pula dengan batas-batas bahan galian industri sangat sukar ditetapkan, sebagai contoh, bahan galian kromit, zirkon, bauksit, mangan, dan tanah jarang yang merupakan bahan galian logam, namun dapat pula diklasifikasikan sebagai bahan galian industri bila produknya berbentuk mineral yang telah diolah dan digunakan langsung sebagai bahan baku dalam industri manufaktur. Dalam industri manufaktur dan konstruksi, peranan bahan galian industri sebagai bahan baku sangat penting, yang pada umumnya berfungsi untuk memperbaiki mutu ataupun untuk memperoleh produk akhir dengan spesifikasi tertentu. Tidak sama halnya dengan bahan galian logam, dalam bahan galian industri tidak dikenal adanya proses daur-ulang dari produk padat mineral (kecuali gelas), serta tidak ada bahan substitusi selain di antara bahan galian itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu pemerintah dalam hal ini Departemen Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral sedang mengajukan Undang-Undang mengenai pengaturan Mineral dan Batubara, yang masih berupa konsep dan sudah diajukan ke DPR, dengan terbitnya undang-undang tersebut diharapkan penggolongan bahan galian akan sesuai dengan perkembangan teknologi dan industri yang menggunakan bahan baku bahan galian non logam.

    Di Indonesia secara geologi mineral non logam (bahan galian industri) terdapat dalam semua formasi batuan, mulai dari formasi batuan berumur Pra-Tersier sampai Kuarter, baik yang berasosiasi dengan batuan beku dalam dan batuan volkanik maupun berasosiasi dengan batuan sedimen dan batuan malihan.
    Mineral non logam sangat erat kaitannya dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, bahkan dapat dikatakan bahwa manusia hidup tidak terlepas dari bahan galian itu. Dengan kata lain bahwa mineral non logam sebenarnya sangat vital bagi kehidupan manusia, hampir semua peralatan rumah tangga, gedung, bangunan air, obat, kosmetik, alat tulis dan gambar, barang pecah belah dan lain-lain, dibuat langsung atau dari hasil pengolahan bahan galian tersebut Sebenarnya mineral non logam tersebar luas di Indonesia, namun pengelolaannya belum berkembang sebagai mana mestinya. Meskipun demikian pengelolaan bahan galian industri di Indonesia mengalami kemajuan cukup pesat. Hal ini sejalan dengan kemudahan dan kebijaksanaan Pemerintah dalam menggalakkan pemanfaatan mineral non logam, baik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun untuk komoditi ekspor non-migas, sudah banyak pengusahaan mineral non logam yang memberikan sumbangan besar bagi pembangunan nasional, seperti: industri semen, walaupun industrinya masih banyak terkonsentrasi di Pulau Jawa, yaitu: PT Semen Gresik, Indocement, Semen Kujang, Semen Cibinong (HOLCIM),dan Semen Nusantara; di Pulau Kalimantan: Indo-Kodeco, patungan Indonesia Korea; di Pulau Sulawesi: Semen Tonnasa dan Bosowa; di Pulau Sumatera: Semen Padang, Baturaja dan Semen Andalas (kena bencana tsunami, Aceh) dan Pulau Timor: Semen Kupang. Industri lainnya yang banyak membantu pembangunan nasional adalah dengan bahan baku mineral non logam adalah: industri keramik, industri agregat batuan untuk kontruksi, dari skala kecil sampai skala besar. Serta masih banyak lagi industri, yang mempergunakan bahan baku mineral non logam.

    Dengan terbitnya UU No.22/1999 tentang Pemerintah Daerah dan Peraturan Pemerintah No.25/1999 tentang kewenangan pemerintah dan kewenangan pemerintah daerah sebagai daerah otonom, maka daerah memiliki kewenangan untuk mengelola sumber daya alam agar dapat mempercepat pembangunan ekonomi daerah yang efektif dan kuat dengan memberdayakan pelaku dan potensi ekonomi yang tentunya dalam rangka memberikan manfaat yang lebih luas kepada masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah. Dalam rangka nilai manfaat pertambangan secara keseluruhan dan menghindari tumpang tindih lahan, lingkungan dan banyak hal lainnya, pemerintah mengeluarkan UU No 4 tahun 2009, Tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara, yang merupakan penyempurnaan UU No 11 tahun 1967. Pada BAB VI Pasal 34, Usaha pertambangan :

    (1) dikelompokkan atas:
    a. pertambangan mineral; dan
    b. pertambangan batubara. atau Minerba

    (2) Pertambangan mineral sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat[1] huruf a digolongkan atas:
    a. pertambangan mineral radioaktif;
    b. pertambangan mineral logam;
    c. pertambangan mineral bukan logam; dan
    d. pertambangan batuan.

    (3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai penetapan suatu komoditas tambang ke dalam suatu golongan pertambangan mineral sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat [2] diatur dengan peraturan pemerintah.

    Dalam PP No 23 Tahun 2010 dijelaskan mineral bukan logam meliputi intan, korundum, grafit, arsen, pasir kuarsa, fluorspar, kriolit, yodium, brom, klor, belerang, fosfat, halit, asbes, talk, mika, magnesit, yarosit, oker, fluorit, ball clay, fire clay, zeolit, kaolin, feldspar, bentonit, gipsum, dolomit, kalsit, rijang, pirofilit, kuarsit, zirkon, wolastonit, tawas, batu kuarsa, perlit, garam batu, clay, dan batu gamping untuk semen, dan batuan meliputi pumice, tras, toseki, obsidian, marmer, perlit, tanah diatome, tanah serap (fullers earth), slate, granit, granodiorit, andesit, gabro, peridotit, basalt, trakhit, leusit, tanah liat, tanah urug, batu apung, opal, kalsedon, chert, kristal kuarsa, jasper, krisoprase, kayu terkersikan, gamet, giok, agat, diorit, topas, batu gunung quarry besar, kerikil galian dari bukit, kerikil sungai, batu kali, kerikil sungai ayak tanpa pasir, pasir urug, pasir pasang, kerikil berpasir alami (sirtu), bahan timbunan pilihan (tanah), urukan tanah setempat, tanah merah (laterit), batu gamping, onik, pasir laut, dan pasir yang tidak mengandung unsur mineral logam atau unsure mineral bukan logam dalam jumlah yang berarti ditinjau dari segi ekonomi pertambangan. Potensi bahan galian industri (mineral non logam) hampir dijumpai di semua wilayah Indonesia, dari jenis komoditinya mungkin lebih dari 100 jenis, dengan waktu kurang lebih 3-4 jam, baik itu berupa ceramah umum dan diskusi sangat sulit untuk dapat memahami keseluruhan mengenai mineral non logam, untuk itu bahan diklat dibuat secara ringkas, tanpa mengabaikan tujuan dari diklat ini, yaitu peserta (aparatur pemda) memiliki kompetensi dalam evaluasi laporan eksplorasi untuk pelaksanaan tugas fungsinya.

    Acuan Evaluasi Pemetaan bahan galian non logam ini mengacu pada :
    1. SNI 13-4688-1998, Penyusunan peta sumber daya mineral, batubara dan Gambut
    2. SNI 13-4691-1998, Penyusunan peta geologi
    3. SNI 13-4726-1998, Klasifikasi sumber daya mineral dan cadangan
    4. SNI 13-6606-2001, Tatacara penyusunan laporan eksplorasi bahan galian
    5. SNI 13-6676-2002, Evaluasi laporan penyelidikan umum dan eksplorasi bahan galian
    6. Pedoman umum tata laksana kegiatan lapangan di lingkungan Direktorat Inventarisasi Sumber Daya Mineral
    7. Pedoman teknis inventarisasi sumber daya mineral, batubara dan bitumen padat
    8. Pedoman teknis basis data sumber daya mineral non logam
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