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PROPOSAL PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANGAN
PENGELOLAAN AIR ASAM TAMBANG DI PT.HASNUR RIUNG SINERGI
JOB SITE PT.BHUMI RANTAU ENERGI DESA
BARAMBAN KECAMATAN PIANI
KABUPATEN TAPIN
Disusun Oleh :
M.RIPANI
TB 031200224
POLITEKNIK ISLAM SYEKH SALMAN AL FARISI
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN DIPLOMA III
JURUSAN TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN
RANTAU
2014
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur saya panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat serta hidayahnya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan proposal praktek kerja lapangan di PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi (HRS) yang berjudul ” PENGELOLAAN AIR ASAM TAMBANG DI PT. HASNUR RIUNG SINERGI.
Besar harapan saya untuk dapat praktek kerja lapangan di PT. HASNUR RIUNG SINERGI. Penulis hanya manusia biasa, proposal ini pasti terdapat banyak kekurangan dan jauh dari kesempurnaan, atas perhatian dan kerjasama yang diberikan saya ucapkan terima kasih.
DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN
PENDAHULUAN
1. Latar Belakang
2. Maksud Dan Tujuan
3. Batasan Masalah
4. Metode
5. Rencana Waktu Pelaksanaan Praktek Kerja Lapangan
6. Rencana Jadwal Kegiatan Penelitian
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
1. Pengertian Air Asam Tambang
2. Proses Terjadinya Air Asam Tambang
3. Dampak Yang Di Timbulkan Akibat Air Asam Tambang
4. Pengendalian Air Asam Tambang
PENUTUP
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN
PROPOSAL PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANGAN
Nama : M.RIPANI
NIM : TB 031200224
Program Studi : Teknik Pertambangan
Tempat Pelaksanaan : PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi
Tema Proposal : Pengelolaan Air Asam Tambang
Dilaksanakan : Semester VI / Tahun Akademik 2015
Rantau, 20 November 2014
Ketua Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan Yang mengusulkan
Hj. Mella Siswanti, S.T., M.T. M.RIPANI
NIDN. 1111058301 TB 031200224
PENDAHULUAN
1. Latar Belakang
Air adalah sumber kehidupan, karena itu ketersediaan tawar baik untuk air minum maupun keperluan lainnya harus tetap dijaga. Salah satu penyebab pencemaran air adalah air asam tambang. Dari pengamatan dan analisis terhadap kimia air dan lingkungan beberapa bekas tambang batubara, didapatkan bahwa tidak semua kolam/ genangan air bersifat asam. Umumnya yang bersifat asam adalah kolam/ genangan air yang berukuran kecil, terisolir. dan berada di dekat atau pada bekas lobang bukaan tambang. Sedangkan kolam/ genangan air yang berukuran besar, mempunyai saluran pembuang, atau jauh dari lobang bukaan tambang airnya tawar atau hanya sedikit asam. Cara yang mudah, sederhana, dan murah untuk mencegah akumulasi air asam tambang adalah mencegah terbentuknya kolam/ genangan air, dengan melakukan praktek penambangan yang baik yaitu menimbun kembali lobang bukaan tambang, membuat penyaliran yang baik, dan mengisolasi batuan/ tanah penutup berpotensi membentuk air asam tambang (mencegah terjadinya oksidasi pirit).
Salah satu perusahaan yang memenuhi standart nasional yang ada di Kabupaten Tapin yang diperkirakan telah menerapkan metode pengelolaan air asam tambangyang baik adalah PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi. Karena kemampuan tersebut yang menjadi latar belakang kami dalam menyampaikan prosposal praktek kerja lapangan dengan harapan dapat mempelajari atau memahami dan menambah wawasan terhadap kegiatan pengelolaan air asam tambang di perusahaan ini.
2. Maksud dan Tujuan
Maksud dari pembuatan proposal ini adalah sebagai pengantar kata kami salah satu mahasiswa Program Study D3 Pertambangan Yayasan Politeknik Islam Syekh salman al farisi Rantau untuk dapat mengikuti program praktek kerja lapangan di perusahaan PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi. Adapun maksud yang lain adalah sebagai upaya memenuhi salah satu syarat kurikulum perkuliahan sebelum menyusun Tugas Akhir, sekaligus merupakan upaya kampus mengenalkan kepada kami selaku mahasiswa terhadap kondisi kerja dilapangan yang sesungguhnya.
Sedangkan tujuan kerja praktek ini sesuai dengan tema yang diambil yaitu mengenai pengelolaan air asam tambang di PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi antara lain :
1. Agar dapat mengambil data dengan baik dan benar dilapangan.
2. Agar dapat mengolah dan mengevaluasi data tersebut sesuai dengan tema proposal ini.
3. Batasan Masalah
Masalah sumber energi pun sedang menjadi fokus utama pemerintah berkaitan dengan naiknya harga minyak bumi. Pada dasarnya, cadangan batubara Indonesia memang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan cadangan minyak bumi maupun gas alam sehingga pemerintah kini mulai melihat batubara sebagai sumber energi alternatif yang murah. Batubara selama ini telah digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pada pabrik semen dan pabrik baja. Adapun batasan masalah dari praktek kerja lapangan ini adalah pada hal pengelolaan air asam tambang di PT. HASNUR RIUNG SINERGI.
4. Metode
Di dalam pelaksanaan praktek kerja lapangan, dalam memperoleh data dan informasi penulis menggabungkan beberapa metode, yaitu :
a. Metode Observasi langsung (pengamatan lapangan)
Metode ini dilakukan dengan cara melakukan pengamatan secara langsung di lapangan.
b. Metode Interview (wawancara)
Metode ini dilakukan dengan cara mencari data melalui penjelasan secara langsung di lapangan dari pihak perusahaan PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi.
c. Metode Kajian Pustaka
Metode ini dilakukan dengan cara mencari litertatur mengenai kegiatan survey, baik berupa data yang diberikan pihak perusahaan, maupun hasil praktek kerja lapangan yang terdahulu.
5. Rencana Waktu Pelaksanaan Praktek Kerja Lapangan
Praktek kerja lapangan ini dilaksanakan pada semester genap yaitu pada bulan Februari 2015
6. Rencana Jadwal Kegiatan Penelitian
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Pengertian Air Asam Tambang (AAT)
Air Asam Tambang (AAT) atau disebut juga Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), yang disebut juga Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) terjadi sebagai akibat proses fisika dan kimia yang cukup kompleks yang melibatkan beberapa faktor dalam kegiatan pertambangan. Kegiatan pertambangan ini dapat berupa tambang terbuka maupun tambang dalam (bawah tanah). Umumnya keadaan ini terjadi karena sulfur yang terjadi dalam batuan teroksidasi secara alamiah (pada proses pembukaan tambang). Selanjutnya dengan kondisi kelembaban lingkungan yang cukup tinggi akan menyebabkan oksida sulfur tersebut berubah menjadi asam.
Kualitas air digunakan sebagai pembanding dalam usaha pemantauan ketika tambang sedang berjalan. Pengukuran kualitas air dapat ditentukan dari beberapa faktor yaitu :
1. Temperatur
Temperatur yang terukur adalah suhu yang dianggap normal pada daerah tersebut.
2. Derajat keasaman (pH)
Nilai pH menunjukkan derajat keasaman dalam air dinyatakan sebagai logaritma konsentrasi ion H+. Larutan bersifat asam bila nilai pH kurang dari 7 dan larutan bersifat basa bila nilai pH lebih dari 7.
3. Kekeruhan dan padatan terlarut
Kekeruhan, muatan padat tersuspensi dan residu terlarut merupakan sifat fisik air yang saling berkait. Semakin tinggi muatan padat tersuspensi maka semakin tinggi nilai residu terlarut dan kekeruhan air.
4. Daya hantar listrik (DHL) atau electroconductivity
Daya hantar listrik menggambarkan jumlah ion-ion yang terlarut dalam air.
5. DO
Oksigen terlarut merupakan O2 bebas yang terdapat dalam perairan dan secara kimia tidak bereaksi dengan air serta berperan dalam proses penguraian bahan organik secara biologis.
6. Logam
Kandungan logam-logam dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan biota air terutama logam berat yang dapat meracuni manusia.
Sumber-sumber air asam tambang ini antara lain berasal dari kegiatan-kegiatan sebagai berikut :
a. Air dari lokasi penambangan
Lapisan batuan akan terbuka sebagai akibat dari terkupasnya lapisan tanah penutup, sehingga sulfur yang terdapat dalam batubara akan mudah teroksidasi dan bila bereaksi dengan air akan membentuk air asam tambang.
b. Air dari lokasi penimbunan
Timbunan batubara dapat menghasilkan air asam tambang karena adanya kontak langsung dengan udara bebas yang selanjutnya terjadi pelarutan akibat adanya air. Masalah ini berkaitan erat dengan proses pembentukan batubara dimana pembentukan batubara terdapat sulfur dan mineral pengotor yang berupa mineral sulfida (pyrit). Air lokasi penimbunan ini merupakan sumber air utama air asam tambang.
Proses Terjadinya Air Asam Tambang
Prinsip terjadinya air asam tambang adalah adanya reaksi pembentukan H+ yang merupakan ion pembentuk asam akibat oksidasi mineral-mineral sulfida dan bereaksi dengan air (H2O). Kemudian oksidasi dari Fe2+, hidrolisis Fe3+ dan pengendapan logam hidroksida. Prinsip tersebut bila dilihat secara kimia, sedangkan secara biologi terjadi air asam tambang akibat adanya bakteri-bakteri tertentu yang sanggup untuk mempercepat proses (katalisator) dari oksida mineral-mineral sulfida dan oksidasi-oksidasi besi.
Berikut reaksi pembentukan air asam tambang secara kimia dan secara biologi :
1. Secara Kimia
Oksidasi mineral-mineral sulfida (dalam bentuk pyrit) yang menyebabkan keasaman dari air asam tambang dapat digambarkan dengan tiga reaksi :
Persamaan
a. menunjukkan oksidasi dari kristal pyrit oleh oksigen, persamaan
b. menunjukkan oksidasi dari ferrous iron (Fe2+) menjadi Ferric iron dan persamaan
c. menunjukkan hidrolisis ferric iron dan pengendapannya menjadi besi hidroksida [Fe(OH)3}].
Bila ketiga persamaan tersebut dijumlah akan memberikan hubungan stokiometri secara menyeluruh
2. Secara Biologi
Kondisi keasaman dari pelapukan ion-ion hidrogen selama oksidasi dapat pula disebabkan karena adanya aktivitas biologi oleh bakteri-bakteri. Bakteri tersebut mampu untuk mempercepat proses oksidasi dari mineral-mineral sulfida dan oksidasi besi serta mendapat energi hasil pelepasan energi dari proses oksidasi. Bakteri ini termasuk dalam subgroup strick aerobes, genus trobhasillus, species thiobasillus, ferroxidans (kadang-kadang dijumpaiFerrobacillus ferroxidans).
Persamaan reaksi terbentuknya air asam tambang berdasarkan aktivitas biologi sebagai berikut :
Dari reaksi kimia dan biologi di atas dapat dilihat bagaimana terbentuk asam sulfat (H2SO4) yang merupakan asam kuat, dengan adanya kadar asam sulfat ini menyebabkan air yang mengalir pada daerah yang terjadi proses kimia dan biologi tersebut akan bersifat asam, inilah yang disebut air asam tambang. Air asam tambang ini dapat dikenal dari warna jingga atau merah dari endapan besi hidroksida di dasar aliran atau bau belerang, tetapi ini tidak selalu terjadi karena ada air asam tambang yang warnanya agak jernih.
Dampak Yang Ditimbulkan Akibat Air Asam Tambang (AAT)
Dampak yang dapat ditimbulkan akibat air asam tambang adalah terjadinya pencemaran lingkungan, dimana komposisi atau kandungan air di daerah yang terkena dampak tersebut akan berubah sehingga dapat mengurangi kesuburan tanah, mengganggu kesehatan masyarakat sekitarnya, dan dapat mengakibatkan korosi pada peralatan tambang.
Derajat keasaman tanah yang telah tercemar akibat air asam tambang ini akan semakin meningkat, sehingga tanaman tidak dapat tumbuh karena derajat keasaman tanahnya terlalu tinggi. Apabila air asam tersebut mencemari air tanah maupun aliran air sungai dimana masyarakat memanfaatkan air tersebut maka dapat mengganggu kesehatan masyarakat sekitar, diantaranya dapat menimbulkan penyakit diare maupun penyakit lainnya yang berhubungan dengan pencernaan. Sedangkan air asam tambang juga dapat mempercepat proses pengkaratan pada peralatan tambang, sehingga perlu penanganan agar pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari air asam tersebut tidak merusak peralatan tambang.
Pengendalian Air Asam Tambang
Pengendalian air asam tambang secara umum dapat dilakukan dengan cara :
1. Pencegahan atau pengendalian proses pembentukan asam
Upaya mencegah dapat dilakukan dengan cara :
a. Mengisolasi mineral sulfida
Dengan memisahkan material yang mengandung mineral sulfida dari air dan udara akan mencegah terjadinya reaksi oksidasi.
b. Mengendalikan aliran air
1) Mencegah aliran air permukaan masuk ke material
2) Mencegah penyerapan air hujan pada material asam
3) Mencegah aliran air tanah masuk pada lokasi material asam
2. Mengendalikan perpindahan air asam yang telah terbentuk
Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan :
a. Pembuatan saluran penirisan di sepanjang daerah sumber air asam
b. Pemasangan sistem pipa penirisan di bawah timbunan penghasil air asam untuk selanjutnya dialirkan ke dalam kolam pengendapan
3. Menampung dan menetralkan air asam yang telah terbentuk
Komposisi air asam tambang terdiri dari asam sulfat dan besi sulfat. Dalam hal ini besi sulfat berada dalam bentuk ferro (Fe2+) ataupun ferri (Fe3+). Salah satu proses pengolahan terhadap air asam tambang ini adalah proses netralisasi asam dengan senyawa alkali, oksida besi (II) menjadi besi (III) yang tidak larut dan proses sedimentasi untuk menghasilkan endapan yang berbentuk Fe3+.
Air asam yang terjadi ditampung pada kolam pengendapan yang berfungsi sebagai sarana pemantauan kualitas air sekaligus tempat penetralan air asam sebelum dilepaskan ke alam.
PENUTUP
Demikian proposal permohonan kerja praktek ini sebagai salah satu pertimbangan bagi pihak PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi. Besar harapan kami agar kiranya proposal ini disambut dengan senang hati, kesempatan yang diberikan oleh pihak perusahaan tentunya akan dimanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin.
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Pengertian Air Asam Tambang (AAT)
Air Asam Tambang (AAT) atau disebut juga Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), yang disebut juga Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) terjadi sebagai akibat proses fisika dan kimia yang cukup kompleks yang melibatkan beberapa faktor dalam kegiatan pertambangan. Kegiatan pertambangan ini dapat berupa tambang terbuka maupun tambang dalam (bawah tanah). Umumnya keadaan ini terjadi karena sulfur yang terjadi dalam batuan teroksidasi secara alamiah (pada proses pembukaan tambang). Selanjutnya dengan kondisi kelembaban lingkungan yang cukup tinggi akan menyebabkan oksida sulfur tersebut berubah menjadi asam.
Kualitas air digunakan sebagai pembanding dalam usaha pemantauan ketika tambang sedang berjalan. Pengukuran kualitas air dapat ditentukan dari beberapa faktor yaitu :
1. Temperatur
Temperatur yang terukur adalah suhu yang dianggap normal pada daerah tersebut.
2. Derajat keasaman (pH)
Nilai pH menunjukkan derajat keasaman dalam air dinyatakan sebagai logaritma konsentrasi ion H+. Larutan bersifat asam bila nilai pH kurang dari 7 dan larutan bersifat basa bila nilai pH lebih dari 7.
3. Kekeruhan dan padatan terlarut
Kekeruhan, muatan padat tersuspensi dan residu terlarut merupakan sifat fisik air yang saling berkait. Semakin tinggi muatan padat tersuspensi maka semakin tinggi nilai residu terlarut dan kekeruhan air.
4. Daya hantar listrik (DHL) atau electroconductivity
Daya hantar listrik menggambarkan jumlah ion-ion yang terlarut dalam air.
5. DO
Oksigen terlarut merupakan O2 bebas yang terdapat dalam perairan dan secara kimia tidak bereaksi dengan air serta berperan dalam proses penguraian bahan organik secara biologis.
6. Logam
Kandungan logam-logam dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan biota air terutama logam berat yang dapat meracuni manusia.
Sumber-sumber air asam tambang ini antara lain berasal dari kegiatan-kegiatan sebagai berikut :
a. Air dari lokasi penambangan
Lapisan batuan akan terbuka sebagai akibat dari terkupasnya lapisan tanah penutup, sehingga sulfur yang terdapat dalam batubara akan mudah teroksidasi dan bila bereaksi dengan air akan membentuk air asam tambang.
b. Air dari lokasi penimbunan
Timbunan batubara dapat menghasilkan air asam tambang karena adanya kontak langsung dengan udara bebas yang selanjutnya terjadi pelarutan akibat adanya air. Masalah ini berkaitan erat dengan proses pembentukan batubara dimana pembentukan batubara terdapat sulfur dan mineral pengotor yang berupa mineral sulfida (pyrit). Air lokasi penimbunan ini merupakan sumber air utama air asam tambang.
Proses Terjadinya Air Asam Tambang.
Prinsip terjadinya air asam tambang adalah adanya reaksi pembentukan H+ yang merupakan ion pembentuk asam akibat oksidasi mineral-mineral sulfida dan bereaksi dengan air (H2O). Kemudian oksidasi dari Fe2+, hidrolisis Fe3+ dan pengendapan logam hidroksida. Prinsip tersebut bila dilihat secara kimia, sedangkan secara biologi terjadi air asam tambang akibat adanya bakteri-bakteri tertentu yang sanggup untuk mempercepat proses (katalisator) dari oksida mineral-mineral sulfida dan oksidasi-oksidasi besi.
Berikut reaksi pembentukan air asam tambang secara kimia dan secara biologi :
1. Secara Kimia
Oksidasi mineral-mineral sulfida (dalam bentuk pyrit) yang menyebabkan keasaman dari air asam tambang dapat digambarkan dengan tiga reaksi :
Persamaan
a. menunjukkan oksidasi dari kristal pyrit oleh oksigen, persamaan
b. menunjukkan oksidasi dari ferrous iron (Fe2+) menjadi Ferric iron dan persamaan
c. menunjukkan hidrolisis ferric iron dan pengendapannya menjadi besi hidroksida [Fe(OH)3].
Bila ketiga persamaan tersebut dijumlah akan memberikan hubungan stokiometri secara menyeluruh.
2. Secara Biologi
Kondisi keasaman dari pelapukan ion-ion hidrogen selama oksidasi dapat pula disebabkan karena adanya aktivitas biologi oleh bakteri-bakteri. Bakteri tersebut mampu untuk mempercepat proses oksidasi dari mineral-mineral sulfida dan oksidasi besi serta mendapat energi hasil pelepasan energi dari proses oksidasi. Bakteri ini termasuk dalam subgroup strick aerobes, genus trobhasillus, species thiobasillus, ferroxidans (kadang-kadang dijumpaiFerrobacillus ferroxidans).
Persamaan reaksi terbentuknya air asam tambang berdasarkan aktivitas biologi sebagai berikut :
Dari reaksi kimia dan biologi di atas dapat dilihat bagaimana terbentuk asam sulfat (H2SO4) yang merupakan asam kuat, dengan adanya kadar asam sulfat ini menyebabkan air yang mengalir pada daerah yang terjadi proses kimia dan biologi tersebut akan bersifat asam, inilah yang disebut air asam tambang. Air asam tambang ini dapat dikenal dari warna jingga atau merah dari endapan besi hidroksida di dasar aliran atau bau belerang, tetapi ini tidak selalu terjadi karena ada air asam tambang yang warnanya agak jernih.
Dampak Yang Ditimbulkan Akibat Air Asam Tambang (AAT)
Dampak yang dapat ditimbulkan akibat air asam tambang adalah terjadinya pencemaran lingkungan, dimana komposisi atau kandungan air di daerah yang terkena dampak tersebut akan berubah sehingga dapat mengurangi kesuburan tanah, mengganggu kesehatan masyarakat sekitarnya, dan dapat mengakibatkan korosi pada peralatan tambang.
Derajat keasaman tanah yang telah tercemar akibat air asam tambang ini akan semakin meningkat, sehingga tanaman tidak dapat tumbuh karena derajat keasaman tanahnya terlalu tinggi. Apabila air asam tersebut mencemari air tanah maupun aliran air sungai dimana masyarakat memanfaatkan air tersebut maka dapat mengganggu kesehatan masyarakat sekitar, diantaranya dapat menimbulkan penyakit diare maupun penyakit lainnya yang berhubungan dengan pencernaan. Sedangkan air asam tambang juga dapat mempercepat proses pengkaratan pada peralatan tambang, sehingga perlu penanganan agar pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari air asam tersebut tidak merusak peralatan tambang.
Pengendalian Air Asam Tambang
Pengendalian air asam tambang secara umum dapat dilakukan dengan cara :
1. Pencegahan atau pengendalian proses pembentukan asam
Upaya mencegah dapat dilakukan dengan cara :
a. Mengisolasi mineral sulfida
Dengan memisahkan material yang mengandung mineral sulfida dari air dan udara akan mencegah terjadinya reaksi oksidasi.
b. Mengendalikan aliran air
1) Mencegah aliran air permukaan masuk ke material
2) Mencegah penyerapan air hujan pada material asam
3) Mencegah aliran air tanah masuk pada lokasi material asam
2. Mengendalikan perpindahan air asam yang telah terbentuk
Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan :
a. Pembuatan saluran penirisan di sepanjang daerah sumber air asam
b. Pemasangan sistem pipa penirisan di bawah timbunan penghasil air asam untuk selanjutnya dialirkan ke dalam kolam pengendapan
3. Menampung dan menetralkan air asam yang telah terbentuk
Komposisi air asam tambang terdiri dari asam sulfat dan besi sulfat. Dalam hal ini besi sulfat berada dalam bentuk ferro (Fe2+) ataupun ferri (Fe3+). Salah satu proses pengolahan terhadap air asam tambang ini adalah proses netralisasi asam dengan senyawa alkali, oksida besi (II) menjadi besi (III) yang tidak larut dan proses sedimentasi untuk menghasilkan endapan yang berbentuk Fe3+.
Air asam yang terjadi ditampung pada kolam pengendapan yang berfungsi sebagai sarana pemantauan kualitas air sekaligus tempat penetralan air asam sebelum dilepaskan ke alam.
PENUTUP
Demikian proposal permohonan kerja praktek ini sebagai salah satu pertimbangan bagi pihak PT. Hasnur Riung Sinergi. Besar harapan kami agar kiranya proposal ini disambut dengan senang hati, kesempatan yang diberikan oleh pihak perusahaan tentunya akan dimanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin.
LAMPIRAN
BIODATA PESERTA
PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANGAN
Nama : M.RIPANI
T.T.L : Bumi berkat,27 agustus 1990
Alamat : Desa Bumi Berkat RT 002 RW 001 Kec.Sungai Raya Kab.Hulu Sungai Selatan
HP : XXXXXX272227
NIM : TB 031200224
Jurusan : Teknik Pertambangan
Alamat Kampus : Jl. Munggu Kapasan No. 212 Tambarangan Kec. Tapin Selatan
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