Istilah-Istilah di Pertambangan Batubara

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Istilah-Istilah di Pertambangan Batubara

Analisis ultimat
analisa laboratorium untuk menentukan kandungan abu, karbon, hidrogen, ogsigen dan belerangdalam batubara dengan metoda tertentu. Kandungan itu dinyatakan dalam persen pada basis contoh dikeringkan pada suhu 105ºC dalam keadan bebas kelembaban dan abu.

Antiklin
lapisan yang membentuk dua sisi kemiringan berlawanan arah(seakan-akan mempunyai kemiringan yang berlawanan) sama seperti atap rumah.

Antrasit
batubara keras dengan peringkat teretinggi , berwarna hitam dengan kilap tinggi , mengandung persentasi tinggi karbon tertambat (karbon tetap) biasanya antara 92% – 98% (dalam basis kering , bebas bahan mineral/DMMF). Antrasit sukar terbakar dan bila terbakar menimbulkan nyala pendek berwarna biru tanpa asap. Dari segi tingkat pengkarbonan (carbonization) hanya grafit (yang tidak termasuk batubara) yang berada pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi. Di Indonesia satu-satunya tambang penghasil antrasit adalah tambang batubara Bukit Asam, Tanjung Enim, Sumatera Selatan dengan tonase yang sangat kecil dibandingkan dengan batubara sub-bitumen (steaming coal) sebagai produk utama. Antrasit Indonesia dipasarkan dengan spesifikasi umum ; nilai kalori 7400Kkal/Kg – 8300Kkal/Kg (ADB) , kelembaban total 2%- 8% (ARB) , abu 6% – 20% ( ADB) dan belerang total 0.57% -1.79%.

AQ
simbol ukuran garis tengah (diameter) contoh inti pemboran dan juga ukuran lubang bor yaitu 27.0 mm dan 48.0.

ARB
singkatan dari as- received basis ( lihat as- received basis)

Ash fusibility
ukuran dalam derajat suhu dari abu batubara melunak dengan cara uji karbon contoh batubara (di laboratoroum dengan cara dan keadaan baku.

Ash fusion temperature
suhu pelunakan abu, yakni suhu ketika conto batubara (biasanya dibentuk seperti kerucut kecil) mulai berubah dan, melunak mendekati pelelehan dalam uji bakar laboratorium.

As-received basis
disingkat ARB atau arb, yang berarti conto yang dianalisa sesuai keadaan pada waktu diterima dilaboratorium.

As-sampled
disingkat AS atau as, sama dengan as-rerceived. Hasil analisa conto ketika diambil dilapangan termasuk kadar kelembaban total (total moisture content).

Assess
menganalisa secara kritis dan mem berikan penilaian yang tegas dari segi geologi atau potensi ekonomi, nilai, status, kualitas, kuantitas, potensi penggunaan dan segi-segi lainnya terhadap cadangan serta sumber-sumber batubara.

ASTM
singkatan dari American Society for Testing and Materials, suatu lembaga di Amerika Serikat yang menguji conto bahan dan hasilnya secara luas diakui sebagai hasil analisis yang baku.

Augur (atau Punch) Mining
Suatu bentuk penambangan bawah tanah tak berawak menawarkan biaya kapital minimal dan relatif singkat memulai periode. Large Augers atau peralatan remote control bor tambang dalam lapisan batubara dari jalan didirikan di lantai eksposur permukaan.

Bank Cubic Metres (BCM)
Volume batuan buangan di atas dan di antara lapisan batubara di tambang open-pit umumnya diukur dalam bank cubic meters.

Briket
keping-keping batubara yang dihasilkan dengan pencetakan batubara halus atau debu batubara dengan bahan pengikat tertentu (misalnya perekat sintetis atau gula tebu dengan pengolahan khusus). Ukuran bentuk briket bermacam-macam dengan diameter 2 cm – 3 cm.

Breakers (Rotary)
Batubara mentah ditambang dengan metode tambang terbuka seringkali turun di rotary screens yang besar di mana batu-batu besar yang tidak diinginkan bercampur dengan batubara selama proses ekstraksi dihilangkan sebelum batubara yang dikirim ke pabrik pengolahan.

Bed
pelapisan atau lapisan batubara yang merupakan endapan yang besar yang terdapat pada formasi geologi. Bed juga berarti lapisan batubara yang biasanya berkualitas rendah atau batubara kotor yang sengaja dihamparkan dan dipadatkan dipermukaan (tanah yang diperkeras atau lapisan kerikil padat) sebagai alas batubara bersih. Istilah Bed juga berarti lapisan batubara sebagai bahan bakar pada sistem pembakaran fluidized bed.

Bedding
sama dengan bed (lihat bed) atau kegiatan pembuatan bed. Tetapi dapat pula berarti penyimpanan atau pencampuran jenis-jenis batubara atau bahan galian lainnya dalam bentuk pelapisan-pelapisan tipis untuk memperoleh kualitasyang seragam nantinya padas saat diambil untuk dijual.

Beds moisture
Kadar air (kelembaban) tertambat dalam prosentase air atau kelembaban batubara pada lapisan atau pada conto sebelum lapisan ditambang

Bench
teras penggalian atau jenjang pada tambang batubara terbuka atau tambang lainnya ataupun pada pekerjaan pemindahan tanah. Dapat pula berarti bagian-bagian lapisan batubara yang dipisahkan oleh lapisan pengotor, misalnya lapisan serpih atau bagia-bagian dari lapisan batubara yang sudah terkupas, terbagi-bagi karena proses penambahannya.

Bench sample
dapat diterjemahkan sebagai conto teras atau jenjang yang berarti conto yang diambil dari bagian dan atau lapisan batubara yang terpisah dari bagian-bagian endapan batubara lainnya oleh pelapisan batuan yang tipis (parting).

BENDS
singkatan dari both ends, yaitu istilah perkapalan dimana cara dan alat pemuatan serta pembongkaran muatan kapal sama, terdapat dibagian depan dan belakang tempat kargo kapal.

Berm
semacam tanggul atau dinding teras yang terbentuk secara alami. Lereng yang sengaja dibuat untuk penahan longsor pada tambang terbuka atau pada penggalian lainnya. Istilah berm sering pula disamakan dengan teras atau landaian yang dibuat untuk jalan angkut pada tambang terbuka. Berm dapat juga berarti lapisan tipis batubara yang ditinggalkan sementara untuk dipakai sebagai landasan kerja untuk pengupasan lapisan penutup disebelahnya.

Bucket Wheel exavator
sering disingkat dengan BWE yakni alat gali kontinyu yang perinsipnya terdiri dari mesin penggerak, boom penahan ban kerja pengangkut material galian, rangkaian ember-ember pada teromol beputar dan ban beserta boom untuk membuang material kearah belakang. Alat ini pada mulanya dirancang utnuk penambangan besar-besaran atas endapan batubara coklat di Jerman . Saat ini BWE berkapasitas besar dioperasikan di Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam sedangkan yang berkapisitas kecil sering digunakan sebagai alat pengeruk tumpukan batubara sekaligus alat pemuat batubara kedalam tongkang atau kapal.

Bulk sample
conto meruah, yakni conto dalam jumlah besar yang diambil secara sistematik dalam interval tertentu. Untuk batubara, bulk sample pada awalnya adalah conto sebanyak satu lori (gerobak ) pada interval tertentu sepanjang lapisan batubara untuk analisa ukuran dan kotoran (abu). Tetapi pengertian ini semakin meluas. Tambang-tambang batubara di Indonesia dapat mengambil lebih dari 100.000 ton batubara sebagai conto meruah terutama untuk uji bakar pada PLTU, termasuk uji penambangan, uji pengangkutan, uji pengapalan dan uji pemasaran. Conto meruah ini sering disebut produksi awal atau produksi permulaan (initial production) yang bebas bagi hasil.

Burnt
batuan terbakar yang berarti serpih atau lempung yang menempel ketat pada batubara dan sangat sulit untuk disingkirkan.

Cabin
kabin yaitu ruangan operator dan tempat pengendalian alat-alat berat.

Capesise
istilah ukuran kapal pengangkutan batubara dan material lain berukuran sekitar 100 000 – 200 000 DWT. Disebut demikian karena kapal tersebut terlalu besar melewati terusan Panama sehingga harus melalui Cape of Good Hope (semenanjung Harapan dari Lautan Pasifik ke Lautan Atlantic dan sebaliknya).

Carbonaceous
batuan karbonan yakkni batuan yang yang kaya karbon. Serupa pengertiannya denganbatubaraan (coaly).

Carbon-enrriched solid
padatan diperkaya karbon yakni hasil pemanasan batubara sampai beberapa ratus derajat celcius biasanya antara 300º – 900º C. (proses karbonasi) dalam bejana bebas oksigen. Kokas dan char termasuk padatan tersebut.

CBM
singkatan dari coal-bed methane yaitu gas metan yang terbentuk dan terperangkap dalam lapisan batubara. Gas ini dapat disedot dan dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar. CBM biasanya ditemukan didalam lapisan-lapisan batubara yang sangat dalam tetapi gas yang terdapat pada kedalaman kurang dari sekitar 760 meter dianggap ekonomis untuk dimanfaatkan.

CCS
singkatan dari carbon dioxide capture and sequestration yakni teknologi untuk menangkap dan mengisolasi gas CO2 yang ditujukan untuk menurunkan secara drastis emisi gas tersebut yang timbul dari pembakaran batubara. CCS yang sering disebut CC#S merupakan salah satu teknologi batubara bersih.

CCT
singkatan dari clean coal technologi atau cleaner coal tecnologies yaitu teknologi batubara bersih ( lihat clean coal technology ).

CF
singkatan dari cost and freight, istilah harga batubara atau kargo lainnya termasuk biaya angkutan/pengapalan. CF sering ditulis dengan C/F atau C#F.

Canopy
canopy yaitu bagian penutup atas (payung) dari kabin atau tempat kerja operator alat-alat berat yang pada umumnya tahan beban berat atau jatuhan batuan. Kanopi adalah istilah yang dipakai untuk atap (alat penahan) alat penyangga hidrolik untuk operasi lubang muka mekanis penuh dalam tambang dalam batubara. Rangkaian daun-daun dari pohon-pohon hutan juga disebut kanopi.

Clean (Product) Coal
Batubara yang telah diproses di pabrik dengan tujuan untuk memenuhi spesifikasi produk kontrak penjualan dan siap untuk diangkut dengan menggunakan gerbong atau sarana transportasi lainnya.

Channel sample
conto yang diambil dari lapisan batubara dengan membuat torehan memanjang menurut ketebalan batubara atau endapan bahan galian lainnya. Conto ini biasanya diambil sekitar singkapan. Sebelum melakukan pencontoan sumuran atau parit memanjang dibuat untuk membuka satu sisi batubara yang segar.

Char
resisidu karbonan yang padat yang tersisa dari hasil pembakaran tidak sempurna dari bahan organik. Char dapat dibakar (sebagai bahan bakar) dan diproses untuk menghasilkan bahan karbon yang segar.

CHB
singkatan dari constant humidity basis., istilah yang menyatakan basis analisa kualitas batubara di laboratorium dalam keadaan kadar kelengasan ( kelembaban ) tetap.

Chip sample
conto kepingan, yakni conto-conto batubara yang diambil secara teratur dengan memahat atau memalu kepingan batubara atau kepingan batubara atau batuan ataupun bahan galian lainnya. Pengambilan conto dapat mengikuti pelapisan batubara atau pada titik-titik dengan jarak yang sama.

CIF
singkatan dari carriage, insurance and freight, istilah kontrak jual beli batubara atau kargo lainnya dimana penjual menyerahkan kargo ketempat yang tentukan oleh pembeli atas biaya pembeli termasuk asuransi.

Circular coal
batubara dengan struktur cakram berbentuk cakram berbentuk bulat atau lonjong sejajar atau tegak.

Clean-coal technologi
teknologi penanganan batubara secara lebih efisien dan biaya optimal serta ramah lingkungan ( teknologi batubara bersih ). Istilah ini disebut juga dengan cleaner coal technologi atau cleaner coal tecnologies.

Clearing
pembersihan permukaan tanah dengan cara membuang tumbuhan atau bangunan-bangunan sebagai langkah permulaan sebelum pengupasan lapisan penutup batubara atau bahan galian lain.

Clearing and grubbing
pembuangan tumbuhan, pepohonan dan sisa-sisa tebangan pohon sebelum penggalian/pengupasanlapisan tanah untuk pembuatan jalan, penambangan atau pendirian fasilitas-fasilitas penambangan.

Cleat
kekar yakni retakan atau rangkaian hasil gerakan yang merupakan garis atau sisi pemecahan batubara akibat oksidasi atau pelapukan. Biasanya dimanfaatkan menentukan arah penambangan batubara sehingga mudah pemecahannya atau penggaliannya langsung oleh alat muat.

Cleating
istilah lain untuk keadaan berkekar yakni keadaan batubara yang retak-retak atau terlihat adanya garis belahan-belahan yang belum lepas.

COA
singkatan dari contrac of affreightment yakni kontrak pengapalan untuk lebih dari sekali pelayaran.

Coalified
sisa-sisa tumbuhan pembentuk bahan-bahan batubara dan lapisan-lapisan berbeda yang telah menjadi batubara, bahan-bahan tersebut berasal dari bermacam bagian tumbuh- tumbuhan yang telah ada pada waktu pembentukan gambut. Setelah proses pembentukan batubara selesai ( coalified ) bahan-bahan itu kemudian dikenal dengan nama macaral.

Coal industry
istilah umum untuk segala kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan batubara mulai dari penyelidikan ( eksplorasi ), penambangan, pengolahan, pengangkutan, pemasaran dan pemanfaatan.

Coaling
kegiatan pengambilan batubara ( setelah lapisan penutup dibuang ) termasuk pemboran, peledakan, pemuatan,pengangkutan dari tambang ketempat penumpukan atau pengolahan.

Coaling station
stasiun atau depot pengisian bqatubara khususnya kereta api uap. Sekarang coaling station hanya ada ditaman hiburan atau museum.

Coal inspector
inspektur batubara yaitu inspektur yang tugasnya melakukan pengawasan atas pematuhan perundang-undangan khusus pada tambang batubara, termasuk tindakan-tindakan dan keadaan-keadaan tidak aman. Petugas khusus ini belum dikenal di Indonesia, tetapi tugas-tugas inspeksi dilaksanakan oleh pelaksana inspeksi tambang ( umum ) dan pembantu pelaksanaan inspeksi tambang ( umum ). Tambang umum adalah tambang non minyak dan gas bumi.

Coal isopach
isopach batubara yakni garis-garis yang menghubungkan titik-titik yang mempunyai ketebalan lapisan batubara yang sama.

Coal lost
sebagian kecil batubara yang terbang dalam proses pecucian batubara.

Coal measures
pelapisan batubara yang luas yang mengandung satu atau lebih lapisan batubara. dapat pula berarti suatu kelompok lapisan-lapisan batubara atau serangkaian pelapisan berbagai jenis-jenis batuan sedimen dengan ketebalan sampai beberapa ribu meter dan diantara pelapisan batuan-batuan tersebut terdapat satu atau lebih lapisan batubara .

Coal ply
bagian dari lapisan batubara yang terpisah dengan bagian lainnya diatas atau dibawahnya karena adanya lapisan batuan ( parting atau band ).

Coal seat
lempung dibawah lapisan batubara; juga berarti lapisan tanah yang mengandung banyak sekali akar-akar tumbuhan terdapat dibawah lapisan batubara.

Coal series
seri-seri batubara yakni urutan dari beberapa tahapan proses pembentukan batubara dengan peringkatyang semakin tinggi akibat naiknya metamorfosa. Juga dapat berarti urutan terjadinya batubara mulai dari gambut ( yang bukan batubara ) menjadi lignit, batubara bitumen, antrasit dan grafit ( yang bukan batubara tetapi karbon murni ).

Coal smut
lapisan batubara yang remuk akibat pelapukan dan oksidasi karena muncul dekat permukaan, jadi sama dengan coal blossom dan singkapan batubara.

Coaly shale
batubara kotor dengan kandungan abu lebih dari 40% – 50% terutama dengan pengotor serpih sehingga sebenarnya merupakan serpih yang mengandung batubara ( serpih arangan ). Coaly shale sama dengan carbonaceous shale ( serpih karbonan).

Columnar coal
batubara yang mempunyai pecahan atau ( hancuran ) berbentuk kolom-kolom yang biasanya akibat metamorfosa, disebabkan adanya intrusi batuan beku.

COM
singkatan dari Coal Oil Mixture, yakni campuran antara batubara yang di gerus halus dengan minyak dengan komposisi campuran tertentu membentuk bahan bakar “ buatan “ yang stabil dandigunakan sebagai pengganti minyak.

Combustibility
ukuran atau penilaian kecepatan pembakaranbatubara dengan cara dan syarat-syarat tertentu.

Common banded coal
jenis-jenis yang lasim dari batubara bitumen atau setengah bitumen ( sub-bituminous ). Terdiri dari urutan pelapisan yang tidak teratur dan saling bergantian dari bahan homogen berwarna hitam sangat mengkilap, bahan abu-abu hitam kurang mengkilap (kilap sutera) dan lapisan-lapisan ( berbentuk lensa ) tipis mineral charcoal yang lunak berbutir seperti tepung dan berserat.

Compressions
fosil-fosil tumbuhan berbentuk film ( lapisan sangat tipis ) karbon dalam batuan-batuan, sering mengawetkan bahan-bahan secara sangat rinci seperti rambut-rambut daun, urat/tulang daun dan bahkan stomata dedaunan.

Continuity
“kontinyuitas”, (keseimbangan), yaitu istilah yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan penyebaranbatubara yang konsisten sepanjang jarak yang jauh.

Continous miners
mesin-mesin pemotong batubara modern khususnya untuk tambang batubara dalam dengan sistem room and pillar,mesin ini mampu memotong batubara dengan cepat dan terus menerus tanpa tanpa menggunakan bahan peledak. Kepala pemotong mesin bermacam-macam di sesuaikan dengan arah, tebal, kekerasan dan tingkat produksi yang diinginkan ( ripper head, boring head and auger head ).

Continous mining
penambangan kontinyu dengan menggunakan mesin pemotong batubara modern ( continous miner ) yang dilengkapi dengan tangan-tangan pengumpul dan ban rantai yang mengangkut batubara dan menumpahkan muatannya ke dalam gerobak shuttle ( shuttle car ) atau keatas ban berjalan untuk selanjutnya dibawa kepermukaan.

Continous sampling
percontoan kontinyu ( berkesinambungan ), yaitu pengambilan conto dari setiap titk-titik yang berurutan dan pada jarak yang sama sepanjang jalur pengolahan dan pemuatan batubara kedalam gerbong atau keatas kapal.

Declining
“penurunan” yakni istilah yang dipakai pada lapangan batubara yang kegiatan penambangannya menurun.

Depormation temperature
suhu perubahan bentuk yakni suhu saat abu batubara (yang dibentuk/dicetak berbentuk kubus atau piramida kecil) mulai membulat akibat pelumasan. Hal ini terlihatpada percobaan untuk menentukan suhu pelelehan abu batubara yang merupakan salah satu ukuran penilaian mutu batubara yang digunakan pada PLTU. Percobaan laboratorium ini dilakukan dalam dapur khusus dengan suhu dari 1000ºC – 1600ºC.

Demurrage
denda atau kompensasi yang dibayarkan kepada pemilik kapal akibat keterlambatan muat atau bongkar muatan. Despatch : semacam bonus yang dibayarkan pihak pembeli kepada pihak penjual dan pemuat kargo karena waktu pemuatan kapal selesai lebih awal.

Development
secara umumberarti kegiatan pembukaan tambang batubara (khususnya) tambang dalam dengan penggalian sumuran, lubang-lubang utama, lubang-lubang peranginan dan lubang persiapan blok produksi.secara khusus (misalnya ditambang dalam) development berarti pekerjaan persiapan panel/blok produksi.

Development drilling
pemboran-pemboran untuk menentukan ukuran-ukuran kandungan dan gangguan-gangguan geologi endapan batubara atau bahan-bahan galian lainnya.

Development plan
rencana pengembangan, yakni gambar dan keterangan yang memperlihatkan rencana yang diusulkan/diajukan atas pekerjaan-pekerjaan tambang. Rencana seperti itu biasanya ditinjau/diubah disesuaikan dengan kemajuan tambang dikemudian hari.

Development sampling
pengambilan conto-conto sepanjang lubang-lubang persiapan untuk lebih memastikan arah dan bentuk penambangan dan khususnya untuk meyakinkan besar dan bentuk cadangan.

Development work
pekerjaan penambangan/pembangunan yakni pkerjaanyang dilaksanakan untuk membuka endapan bahan galian sebagai persiapan untuk lokasi kegiatan produksi berikut dari permukaan kerja produksi yang sedang berlangsung pada tambang yang sama atau dari tempat yang berbeda. Juga berarti pekerjaan persiapan produksi sebagai lanjutan dari eksplorasi.

Devolatilization
kehilangan zat-zat terbang secara cepat dari senyawa-senyawa yang sedang mengalami perubahan menjadi batubara (coalification). Bila istilah tersebut dipakai untuk batubara berarti kehilangan bahan-bahan terbang (menjadi gas-gas) yang mengakibatkan meningginya kandungan karbon. Proses ini merupakan metamorfosa yang menyebabkan peringkat batubara semakin tinggi sejalan dengan tingkat kehilangan zat-zat terbang.

Dewatering
penirisan tambang atau pengeluaran air dari tambang baik tambang terbuka maupan tambang dalam dengan cara pembuatan saluran/parit menuju keluar tambang dan pemompaan.

Dewatering coal
pengeringan batubara hasil pencucian dan penyaringan getar dan atau sentrifugal. Juga berarti pengeringan batubara slurry setelah pengangkutan dengan pipa (coal slurry pipe line) dengan alat-alat penyaring dan peralatan pemanas khusus. Dewatering untuk batubara slurry memakan biaya yang cukup besar sehingga merupakan sehingga merupakan segi yang perlu dipertimbangkan secara teliti sebelum pembangunan proyek pipa batubara slurry. Dip meter : alat untuk mengukur dan mencatat jumlah dan arah kemiringan lapisan yang terdapat didalam/sisi lubang bor (lihat kemiringan/dip).

Discontinuity
ketidaksinambungan yakni gangguan-gangguan alami/geologi yang memutus kesatuan penyebaran suatu lapisan batuan khususnya gangguan pada lapisan-lapisan batubara misalnya sesar, intrusi batuan beku atau sedimen, pelenyapan (washout) dan sebagainya

Dryers
Pengering biasanya disulut oleh gas alam atau batubara umumnya komponen pabrik pengolahan batubara kokas. Itu digunakan untuk menghilangkan kadar air produk batubara sebelum loading ke Unit kereta untuk pengiriman dari terminal laut.

Elevasi
ketiggian suatu titik pengukuran pada pemetaan atau pada peta dari titik, atau Emlacement : pembuangan limbah pencucian batubara dengan terencana guna mencegah pencemaran lingkungan.

End cleat
garis-garis atau bidang-bidang retakan/belahan pada lapisan batubara.

Enviro coal
batubara yang diperkenalkan dengan “nama/cap kualitas batubara lingkungan” yaitu batubara dengan kadar belerang sangat rendah sehingga pada pembakaran untuk PLTU, tidak mengeluarkan atau sedikit sekali mengeluarkan gas-gas belerang yang berbahaya/beracun seperti SO (oksida belerang). Enviro coal diperkenalkan dan ditambang oleh Adaro I ndonesia di lapangan Paringin dan sekitarnya, Kalimantan selatan. Batubara Paringin dan batubara tutupan termasuk dalam enviro coal (lihat batubara Paringin).

Environmental impact
dampak lingkungan yakni hasil atau akibat dari kegiatan atau proses tertentu. Dapat diartikan sebagai perubahan lingkungan, yang bersifat menguntungkan (positif) atau merugikan (negatif).

Environtmental-impact ststement
sering disebutdan disingkat EIS. Pernyataan (tertulis) dampak lingkungan yaitu laporan yang berisi penilaian dan penyelidikan dampak-dampak yang mungkin timbul dari sesuatu proyek yang dapat mempengaruhi lingkungan hidup manusia (lihat AMDAL).

Equilibrium moisture of coal
sama dengan kelembaban setimbang batubara (lihat kelembaban setimbang batubara).

Estimation
penentuan (perkiraan) tonase batubara disuatu lapangan.

ETA
singkatan dari estimated time of arrival, yakni perkiraan waktu tiba (untuk kapal).

ETD
singkatan dari estimated time of departure, yaitu perkiraan waktu berangkat (untuk kapal).

ETR
singkatan dari estimated time of resdiness, yaitu perkiraan waktu siap muat (untuk kapal).

Explosive
bahan peledak yakni senyawa-senyawa kimia, campuran atau peralatan yang kegunaan utamanya adalah untuk menimbulkan peledakan yakni rsaksi kimia yang menyebabkan pelepasan gas dalam jumlah besar dan mendadak disertai panas atau api. Lihat bahan peledak peka detonator, bahan peledak peka primer dan sebagainya.

Exposed
untuk endapan batubara berarti singkapan batubara yang mencuat/terbuka dipermukaan atau singkapan sepanjang pinggiran cekungan batubara. isitlah exposed coal berbeda dengan exposed coal field. Exposed coal field adalah batubara yang telah terkupas pada lereng penambangan siap untuk pengambilan (ekstraksi).

Extraction
ekstraksi yakni proses pengambilan batubara dari endapan.

Extraneous
bahan asal luar/bahan asing. Biasanya abu batubara ( extraneous ash) yang terjadi dari bahan anorganik yang masuk kedalam batubara ketika proses pembentukan batubara berlangsung. Bahan ini berupa butiran-butiran atau bahan asing yang mengisi rekahan/retakan pada lapisan batubara terdiri dari bahan-bahan lempung dan pasir waktu pembentukan batubara.

Face
permukaan kerja tambang batubara dimana batubara sedang diproduksikan. Dapat juga berarti permukaan tegak dari batuan yang terbentuk akibat peledakan atau dinding yang sedang dikerjakan (permukaan panel batubara) bila dipakai sebagai istilah lubang buka tambang batubara dalam (lihat juga front).

Face cleat
belahan atau kekar dengan bentuk bidang yang sangat baik (jelas) pada lapisan batubara. juga berarti susunan (sistem) belahan dan kekar pada lapisan batubara.

Face conveyor
rantai berjalan yang dipasang didepan permukaan kerja produksi batubara untuk menampung dan mengangkut batubara yang telah dilepas/dihancurkan dalam proses akstraksi batubara secara manual (dengan linggis), semi mekanis (dengan peledak) dan secra mekanis (dengan shearer) pada lubang buka tambang batubara dalam.

Face of coal
permukaan kerja/front ekstraksi batubara.

Falls
daerah pada atap lubang atau atap batubara yang ambruk lebih dari 15 cm diatas permukaan normal.

Fermentasi bitumen
fermentasi bahan tumbuh-tumbuhan dalam keadaan tanpa udara pada kelembaban tinggi. Zat-zat terbang tertahan menyebabkan terbentuknya senyawa bitumen seperti gambut dan batubara.

FHP
singkatan dari flash hydropylisis, yakni salah satu proses pengolahan batubara menjadi bahan bakar cair. Dalam proses ini batubara dipanaskan dengan cepat pada suhu tinggi dalam tekanan hidrogen. Proses ini menghasilkan gas alam sintetis, distilat aromatik (terutama benzene, toluena dan xylena disingkat BTX), minyak bakar,belerang amonia dan char.

FIFO
singkatan dari first in first out, cara yang digunakan untuk penyimpanan dan pengeluaran bahan peledak kedalam atau keluar gudang penyimpanan untuk keselamatan dan keamanan yang berarti bahan yang terlebih dulu masuk gudang akan menjadi pertama digunakan.

Fill bench
lereng urug, yakni bagian lereng yang dibentuk oleh buangan tanah kupasan utau tanah urug diatas lereng asli (alami). Hal ini terjadi antara lain tambang terbuka sistem penambangan kontur.

Fines
batubara halus berupa butiran kecil berukuran –2 mm (lebih kecil dari 2 mm).dapat pula berarti butiran-butiran lempung atau batu lanan tanah.

Finger coal
“batubara jari”, yakni kokas alam yang terbentuk sebagai batangan kecil persegi enam (hexagonal) yang terjadi akibat pengaruh intrusi batuan beku.

Fire damp
gas tambang batubara yang dapat meledak terutama terdiri dari metan.

Fire damp drainage
sistem pengeluaran gas fire damp dari lubang tambang, misalnya dengan membuat lubang bor dari pemukaan menembus tempat terkumpulnya fire damp untuk mencegah peledakan tambang.

First generation proces
proses-proses generasi pertama yakni proses pengolahan batubara menjadi gas dengan teknologi maju kovensionalseperti proses winkler, proses shell koppers, proses texaco dan proses lurgi “Ruhr 100”.

Fishtail structure
struktur “ekor ikan”, yaitu ujung endapan batubara berbentuk ujung kain atau berbentuk mirip ekor ikan. Bentuk ini terjadi akibat endapan bahan sedimen klasik yang menerobos endapan gambut sejajar denganpelapisan gambut tersebut.

Fixed ash
abu bawaan yaitu abu batubara yang berasal dari bahan anorganik yang secara struktur adalah bagian dari tumbuhan asal batubara tersebut. Secara mekanis abu bawaan tidak dapat dipisahkan dari batubara dan biasanya jumlah tidak lebih dari 1%.

Flame proof
dinding yang dibuat dari beton, susunan karung atau lempung tahan api untuk menahan ranbatan api bila terjadi kebakaran tambang batubara bawah tanah.

Flammable coal dust
debu batubara halus yang dapat terbakar spontan atau terbakar karena adanya api atau hubungan pendek arus listrik. Debu itu terjadi karena proses produksi, pengangkutan dan penggerusan.

Fexible chain conveyor
rantai berjalan yang dapat dibengkokkan. Istilah ini sering disamakan dengan face conveyor atau armoured face conveyor ataupun armoured flexible face confeyor.

Float and sink
percobaan pemisahan butiran-butiran dan kotoran dengan menggunakan cairan berat, (cairan dengan berat jenis tinggi) misalnya tetrabromoetana (BD 1.6) dan toluena (BD 0.86). percobaan ini dilakukan bertahap mulai dari pemasukan gerusan batubara kedalam cairan yang B.D. nya rendah kemudian kedalam cairan dengan B.D lebih tinggi berturut-turut. Pada setiap percobaan fraksi yang tenggelam dan terapung diambil dan ditimbang untuk selanjutnya dicatat dalam kurva sifat pencucian batubara (washability curves). Hasil percobaan akan menunjukkan persentase bahan bahan yang berat seperti abu dan belerang pirit. Percobaan digunakan sebagai dasar penentuan sistem pencucian batubara.

Float coal
“batubara apung”, yaitu batubara terpisah di dalam batu pasir atau serpih yang diduga berasal dari lapisan gambut yang tererosi dan terbawa dari tempat asalnya ketempat lain.

Floor roll
lapisan atau bahan pengganggu pada lapisan batubara. floor roll terdiri dari bahan batuan berbentuk panjang dan sempit (kecil) menonjol kearah atas menembus lapisan batubara dari batuan lantai sehingga mengurangi ketebalan batubara yang dapat ditambang. Batuan pengganggu ini dapat berukuran 3m x 25m x 600m, berbentuk kerucut datar sampai berbentuk lensa.

Flue gas desulfurization
penggunaan alat penangkap gas oksida belerang pada cerobong asap PLTU untuk mengurangi pencemeran udara.

Fluidized bed combustion
sistem pembakaran fluidized bed batubara dalam ketel uap (lihat fluidized bed).

Fly ash
abu terbang,yakni butiran-butiran sangat halus yang lepas akibat pembakaran batubara, terbawa dalam arus gas, khususnya yang keluar melalui cerobong gas atau asap PLTU. Dapat juga berarti butiran halus abu batubara yang telah melunak atau meleleh akibat pembakaran dalam PLTU.

Fly bar
batang melintang yang kedua ujungnya dihubungkan dengan rantai penggerak pada rantai berjalan pengangkut batubara yang dipasang sepanjang permuka produksi batubara tambang dalam atau ditempat penumpukan batubara dipermukaan. Batang tersebut berfungsi sebagai pendorong batubara.

Fly rock
“batuan terbang” akibat peledakan lapisan penutup pada tambang terbuka atau pada peledakan batuan lainnya termasuk pada kuari.

FOB
singkatan dari free on board, istilah dalam kontrak jual-beli dimana harga batubara atau jenis kargo lainnya adalah harga diatas tongkang atau kapal tidak termasuk biaya pengapalan, pemindahan dan asuransi.

FOBT
singkatan dari free on board trimmed, istilah dalam kontrak jual-beli dimana harga batubara atau kargo jenis lainnya adalah harga diatas tongkang atau kapal tidak termasuk biaya pengapalan, pemindahan dan asuransi.

Foot wall
“dinding bawah” atau dinding bidang sebelah bawah dari bidang sesar miring berlawanan dengan hanging wall.

Formasi
kelompok batuan-batuan yang memiliki ciri tertentu yang diberi nama khusus sebagai unt untuk keperluan pemetaan, penjelasan atau untuk bahan acuan.

Formasi batubara
unit stratigrafi mengandung batubara pada daerah pengendapan batubara.

Fouling
sifat penempelan bahan-bahan penyekat panas (yang mengganggu) pada pipa ketel uap akibat pembakaran batubara berkadar belerang dan abu tinggi.

Free ash
abu bebas, yakni butiran-butiran serpih dari lapisan pengotor dalam lapisan batubara dan juga dari batuan atap, batuan lantai, urat pirit, mineral pengotor pada lapisan pemisah batubara (parting) dan sebagainya.

Free burning coal
batubara yang tidak bersifat menggumpal (non caking coal).

Free pertique
dokumen tentang kelayakan dan kesehatan untuk kapal dan awak kapal.

Free swelling index
index pemuaian bebas, sama dengan crucible swelling number (CSN) (lihat crucible swelling number).

FSI
singkatan dari free swelling index (lihat free swelling index).

Fugitive dust
bahan-bahan halus yang tidak dapat terbang bersama gas melalui cerobong asap dan menjadi bahan yang mengambang bersama udara akibat tekanan angin. Juga debu yang berasal dari tambang batubara terbuka atau dari kegiatan reklamasi.

Fusain
berasal dari bahasa latin fusus yang berarti gelundung, bahan batubara dengan kenampakan dan struktur seperti arang kayu, rapuh, berjelaga dan umumnya mengandung abu tinggi. Fusain terdiri terutama dari fusite dan merupakan salah satu dari empat bahan pembentuk maceral batubara. ia terdapat dalam bentuk lapisan lebar dan lensa dalam batubara humik (humik coal), terssebar luas tetapi dalam jumlah yang tidak terlalu banyak.

Geotechnical Testing
Studi Geoteknik yang dilakukan selama perencanaan dan operasi tambang batubara open-pit. Beberapa mata pelajaran yang lebih umum untuk tes geoteknik adalah: stabilitas tanah, stabilitas batuan dan kekuatan, air tanah, pengendalian sedimentasi.

Highwall
Bagian terdalam dari perimeter tambang terbuka.

In Situ Coal
Batubara yang ditemukan dalam keadaan alami sebelum di lakukannya penambangan.

Load Outs
Fasilitas terdiri dari penyimpanan silo, meter berat dan konveyor yang digunakan untuk memuat batubara ke unit kereta.

Longwall mining
Bentuk otomatis penambangan batubara bawah tanah ditandai dengan recovery tinggi dan tingkat ekstraksi, layak dilakukan hanya dalam relatif datar, tebal, dan seragam coalbeds. Sebuah mesin pemotong bertenaga tinggi melewati seluruh permukaan mengenai batubara, mengeser menjauhi batubara yang hancur, yang secara terus menerus diseret oleh sistem conveyor tingkat lantai.

Open Pit Mining
Bentuk umum dari pertambangan di Kanada Barat melibatkan peralatan armada mobile khusus untuk pengeboran, ledakan, memuat dan mengangkut volume besar batu dan batubara.

PCI Coal
Pulverized Coal Injection.

Product Coal Specifications
Negosiasi nilai maksimum dan minimum untuk ASH, VOLATILE, KARBON TETAP, BELERANG, TOTAL MOISTURE dan FREE SWELLING INDEX biasanya didefinisikan pada kontrak penjualan batubara kokas. Coking coal biasanya dijual dengan "Free on Board" berdasarkan artinya pada penjual terminal pelabuhan di mana ia sering diuji oleh laboratorium independen untuk spesifikasi di atas. Varian melampaui spesifikasi kontrak dapat mengakibatkan denda atau dalam kasus yang ekstrim yaitu penolakan pembelian oleh pembeli. 

Room-and-pillar mining
Metode yang paling umum terutama dari penambangan bawah tanah di mana atap tambang didukung oleh pilar batubara yang tersisa secara berkala. Rooms adalah tempat di mana batubara tersebut ditambang, pilar adalah area batubara yang tersisa antara rooms. Pertambangan Room-and-pillar mining ini dilakukan baik dengan penambangan konvensional atau kontinu.

Run of Mine (Raw) Coal
Ditambang batubara yang tersedia untuk atau dikirim ke pabrik pengolahan.
batubara run of mine yaitu, batubara hasil penambangan yang belum mengalami proses lebih lanjut (tetapi mungkin sudah bersih dan hanya perlu digerus dan disaring).

Sedimentation Ponds
Ini adalah buatan manusia kolam dibangun untuk menangkap dan mempertahankan drainase permukaan agar sedimen di drainase dapat mengendap di dasar kolam dan tidak dibuang ke kali atau sungai. Mereka biasanya ditempatkan di lokasi strategis di sekitar tambang open-pit pembuangan limbah untuk menjaga dari terhadap peningkatan sedimentasi sekitar jalur air.

Specific Gravity (Rock & Coal)
Kepadatan atau berat jenis batuan dan batubara yang penting dalam operasi dan desain pabrik pengolahan di mana media cair yang padat sering digunakan untuk memisahkan batubara dan campuran batu. Berat jenis juga diterapkan pada volume dalam perhitungan cadangan batubara di mana hubungan antara kadar abu dan berat jenis sering diterapkan.

Strip Ratio
Stripping rasio adalah faktor ekonomi yang paling berpengaruh dalam evaluasi dan perencanaan tambang batubara open-pit. Ini merupakan volume batuan baik di atas dan di dalam (parting) lapisan batubara yang dinyatakan dalam Bank Cubic Metres (BCMS) yang harus ditambang untuk mendapatkan 1 ton batubara mentah atau bersih. Stripping Ratio batubara bersih lebih menunjukkan kinerja tambang karena mencakup kinerja yang diharapkan dari pengolahan pabrik tambang.

Sulfur
Belerang batubara terjadi dalam tiga bentuk: organik, sulfat, dan piritik. Sulfur organik merupakan bagian integral dari matriks batubara dan tidak dapat dihapus oleh pemisahan fisik konvensional. Belerang sulfat biasanya diabaikan. Sulfur piritik terjadi sebagai mineral pirit dan marcasite, ukuran lebih besar umumnya dapat dihilangkan dengan membersihkan batubara.

Swell Factors
Peledakan dari volume limbah, diukur dalam bank cubic meters, dilakukan untuk menghasilkan bahan yang mampu dimuat ke dalam truk angkut. Swell Factors diterapkan ke peledakan batu untuk menyesuaikan peningkatan volume saat meledak.

Tailings
Partikel batuan yang tidak diinginkan dihilangkan selama pengolahan batubara.

Tailings Ponds
Struktur buatan manusia yang mengandung limbah tailing serta air dan dirancang untuk memungkinkan partikel tailing yang mengendap pada dasar kolam.

Underground Mining
Pertambangan batubara bawah tanah melibatkan peralatan khusus yang biasanya terbatas pada penggalian dalam atap serta lantai lapisan batubara yang ditambang meninggalkan daerah batubara atau pilar untuk mendukung operasi pertambangan dari dalam caving.

Wash (Processing) Plants
Pembangkit tenaga batubara memisahkan batubara yang ditambang ke dalam kategori ukuran yang berbeda dan mencampurnya dengan air yang menerapkan proses mekanis berbeda serta peralatan untuk memisahkan batubara dari batuan atau partikel abu batubara yang tinggi.

Waste
Batuan yang ditemukan di atas maupun di antara lapisan batubara yang ditambang dalam sebuah batas tambang open pit

Waste Dumps
Lokasi yang dipilih sedekat mungkin dengan batas-batas tambang open-pit di mana batuan sisa yang ditempatkan oleh truk angkut.

Kalau ada keterangan yang salah atau kurang tepat mohon kasih masukan, sama-sama Kita belajar dan berbagi :)

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