Alat-alat Berat dan Pemindahan Tanah Mekanis (PTM)
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Online programs have typically been likened to diploma mills that hand higher degrees to any individual eager to fork over the money. Masters degree pupils can be assured that the online programs they enlist in are legitimate programs aimed at mentor specialist skills and increasing the potential for higher wages as well as work bankability.
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Pemindahan Tanah Mekanis (PTM) adalah semua pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan penggalian (digging, breaking, loosening), pemuatan (loading), peng-angkutan (hauling, transporting), penimbunan (dumping, filling), perataan (spreading, leveling) dan pemadatan (compacting) tanah atau batuan dengan menggunakan alat-alat mekanis (alat-alat berat/besar). Yang dimaksud dengan tanah disini adalah bagian teratas dari kulit bumi yang relatif lunak, tidak begitu kompak dan terdiri dari butiran-butiran lepas. Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan batuan adalah bagian kulit bumi yang lebih keras, lebih kompak dan terdiri dari kumpulan mineral pembentuk batuan tersebut.
Oleh karena perbedaan kekerasan dari material yang akan digali sangat bervariasi, maka sering dilakukan penggolongan-penggolongan berdasarkan mudah-sukarnya digali dengan peralatan PTM. Adapun salah satu cara penggolongan material tersebut adalah :
A. Lunak (soft) atau mudah digali (easy digging), misalnya :
- tanah atas atau tanah pucuk (top soil).
- pasir (sand).
- lempung pasiran (sandy clay).
- pasir lempungan (clayey sand).
- tanah liat atau lempung (clay) yang basah dan lengket.
- batuan yang sudah lapuk (weathered rocks).
- batu sabak (slate).
- material yang kompak (compacted material).
- batuan sedimen (sedimentary rocks).
- konglomerat (conglomerate).
- breksi (breccia).
batuan beku segar (fresh igneous rocks).
batuan malihan segar (fresh metamorphic rocks).
Macam-macam material ini juga akan dapat berpengaruh terhadap faktor pengisian (fill factor) dan faktor pengembangan (swell factor) dari tanah/batuan yang digali.
Material yang berada di permukaan bumi ini sangat beraneka ragam, baik jenis, bentuk dan lain sebagainya. Oleh karenanya alat yang dapat dipergunakan untukmemindahkannya pun beraneka ragam juga. Yang dimaksud dengan material dalam bidang pemindahan tanah (earth moving), meliputi tanah, batuan, vegetasi (pohon, semak belukar, dan alang-alang) dimana kesemuanya mempunyai karakteristik dan sifat fisik masingmasing yang berpengaruh besar terhadap alat berat terutama dalam hal :
a. Menentukan jenis alat yang akan digunakan dan taksiran produksi atau kapasitas produksinya.
b. Perhitungan volume pekerjaan.
c. Kemampuan kerja alat pada kondisi material yang ada.
1. Pengembangan Material
2. Berat Material
3. Bentuk Material
4. Kekerasan Material
5. Daya Dukung Tanah.
Pengembangan Material
Yang dimaksud dengan pengembangan material adalah perubahan berupa penambahan atau pengurangan volume material (tanah) yang diganggu dan bentuk aslinya. Dari faktor tersebut bentuk material dibagi dalam 3 (tiga) keadaan seperti ditunjukkan pada Gambar dibawah
Keadaan Asli (Bank Condition)
Keadaan material yang masih alami dan belum mengalami gangguan teknologi disebut keadaan asli (bank). Dalam keadaan seperti ini butiran-butiran yang dikandungnya masih terkonsolidasi dengan baik. Ukuran tanah demikian biasanya dinyatakan dalam ukuran alam atau bank measure = Bank Cubic Meter (BCM) yang digunakan sebagai dasar perhitungan jumlah pemindahan tanah.
Keadaan Gembur (Loose Condition)
Yaitu keadaan material (tanah) setelah diadakan pengerjaan (disturb), tanah demikian misalnya terdapat di depan dozer blade, di atas truck, di dalam bucket dan sebagainya. Material yang tergali dari tempat asalnya, akan mengalami perubahan volume (mengembang). Hal ini disebabkan adanya penambahan rongga udara di antara butiranbutiran tanah. Dengan demikian volumenya menjadi lebih besar. Ukuran volume tanah dalam keadaan lepas biasanya dinyatakan dalam loose measure = Loose Cubic Meter (LCM) yang besarnya sama dengan BCM + % swell x BCM dimana faktor "swell" ini tergantung dan jenis tanah. Dengan demikian dapat dimengerti bahwa LCM mempunyai nilai yang lebih besar dan BCM.
Keadaan Padat (Compact)
Keadaan padat adalah keadaan tanah setelah ditimbun kembali dengan disertai usaha pemadatan. Keadaan ini akan dialami oleh material yang mengalami proses pemadatan (pemampatan). Perubahan volume terjadi karena adanya penyusutan rongga udara di antara partikel-partikel tanah tersebut. Dengan demikian volumenya berkurang, sedangkan beratnya tetap. Volume tanah setelah diadakan pemadatan, mungkin lebih besar atau mungkin juga lebih kecil dari volume dalam keadaan bank, hal ini tergantung dari usaha pamadatan yang dilakukan. Ukuran volume tanah dalam keadaan padat biasanya dinyatakan dalam compact measure = Compact Cubic Meter (CCM).