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Tentang Batubara

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Tentang batubara


Apakah Batubara itu ?

Tentang Batubara :

Batubara merupakan bahan bakar fosil yang merupakan sisa-sisa vegetasi prasejarah yang awalnya terakumulasi dalam rawa-rawa dan rawa gambut.

Energi yang kita dapatkan dari batubara saat ini berasal dari energi yang diserap tanaman dari matahari jutaan tahun yang lalu. Semua tanaman hidup menyimpan energi matahari melalui proses yang dikenal sebagai fotosintesis. Ketika tanaman mati, energi ini biasanya dirilis saat pembusukan tanaman. Dalam kondisi yang menguntungkan untuk pembentukan batubara, proses pembusukan terganggu, mencegah pelepasan energi matahari yang disimpannya. Energi ini "terkunci" pada batubara.

Terbentuknya batubara dimulai pada Periode Karbon - dikenal sebagai zaman batu bara pertama - yang membentang antara 360.000.000-290.000.000 tahun yang lalu. Penumpukan sedimen lumpur dan lainnya, bersama dengan pergerakan kerak bumi - yang dikenal sebagai gerakan tektonik - membuat rawa dan gambut terkubur, bahkan semakin dalam. Karena terkubur, sisa tanaman tadi terpapar pada suhu dan tekanan tinggi. Hal ini menyebabkan perubahan fisik dan kimia pada vegetasi tersebut, mengubahnya menjadi gambut dan kemudian menjadi batubara.

Coalification
Kualitas setiap endapan batubara ditentukan oleh:
Jenis vegetasi dari mana batubara berasal
Kedalamannya terkubur
Suhu dan tekanan pada kedalaman tersebut
Lamanya waktu batubara terbentuk di deposit

Tingkat perubahan yang dialami batubara hingga menjadi matang, dari tanah gambut menjadi antrasit, dikenal sebagai coalification. Coalification memiliki pengaruh penting terhadap sifat fisik dan kimia batubara, yang disebut sebagai "kelas" batubara. Peringkat ditentukan oleh tingkat transformasi bahan tanaman asli menjadi karbon. Tingkatan batubara, dari yang kandungan karbonnya paling rendah ke uyang paling tinggi yaitu lignit, sub-bitumen, bitumen dan antrasit.

Jenis Batubara
Awalnya gambut diubah menjadi lignit tau "batubara coklat" - ini merupakan jenis batubara dengan kematangan organik yang rendah. Dibandingkan dengan batubara yang lain, lignit cukup lembut dan warnanya bervariasi dari hitam pekat sampai bernuansa coklat.

Selama jutaan tahun lebih, efek berkelanjutan dari suhu dan tekanan menghasilkan perubahan lebih lanjut bagi lignit, hal ini semakin meningkatkan kematangan organik dan mengubahnya menjadi jenis batubara yang dikenal sebagai batubara 'sub-bitumen'.

Selanjutnya perubahan kimia dan fisik terus terjadi sampai batubara menjadi lebih keras dan hitam, membentuk 'bitumen' atau 'batubara keras'. Dalam kondisi yang baik, peningkatan berkala pada kematangan organik dapat terus berlanjut dan akhirnya membentuk antrasit.

Selain karbon, batubara mengandung hidrogen, oksigen, nitrogen dan sejumlah belerang. Batu bara yang memiliki ranking tinggi adalah yang memiliki kandungan karbon dan nilai panas yang tinggi, tapi rendah hidrogen dan oksigen. Batu bara yang memiliki ranking rendah memiliki kandungan karbon yang tinggi tapi memiliki kandungan hidrogen dan oksigen yang tinggi.


Batubara sebagai Bahan Bakar Fosil Padat
Bahan bakar padat dan gas hasil proses (solid fuel and manufatured gases) mencakup berbagai jenis batubara dan produk-produk yang dihasilkan dari batubara. Berdasarkan konvensi, sebagian besar organisasi yang mengelola statistik energi cenderung mengelompokkan bahan bakar energi terbarukan padat, seperti kayubakar dan briket arang, ke dalam energi terbarukan. Oleh karena itu, bahan bakar terbarukan padat tidak akan dicakup dalam sumberdaya jenis bahan bakar fosil padat.

Batubara primer adalah salah suatu bahan bakar fosil yang bentuknya seperti batu hitam atau coklat dan terdiri dari unsur-unsur tanaman terkarbonisasi. Semakin tinggi kandungan karbon dalam batubara, semakin tinggi juga ranking atau kualitasnya. Jenis-jenis batubara dapat dibedakan berdasarkan ciri fisik dan kimiawinya. Ciri-ciri ini menentukan harga batubara tersebut dan kecocokkan pemakaiannya.

Bahan bakar turunan batubara meliputi bahan bakar padat dan gas yang diproduksi selama proses dan yang dihasilkan melalui transformasi batubara.

Bahan Bakar dan Produksi Energi.
Ada tiga kategori utama batubara: batubara tua (hard coal), batubara subbitumen, dan batubara muda (brown coal) yang disebut juga sebagai lignit.

Batubara tua mengacu pada batubara dengan nilai kalor bruto (Gross Calorific Value-GCV) lebih besar dari 23865 kJ/kg; yang mencakup dua sub-kategori, yaitu batubara kokas yang digunakan pada blast furnace (tanur tinggi) dan batubara bitumen lainnya, serta antrasit yang digunakan untuk pemanasan ruang (space heating) dan produksi uap (karenanya sub-kategori ini disebut batubara uap/steam coal).

Lignit atau batubara muda merupakan batubara non-aglomerat dengan GCV kurang dari 17435 kJ/kg. Batubara subbitumen mencakup batubara nonaglomerat yang GCV-nya berada diantara kedua kategori tersebut.

Produk sekunder atau bentuk turunan batubara meliputi patent fuel (bahan bakar paten), briket batubara (dan briket gambut), gas coke (kokas gas) dan kokas coke-oven, gas-works gas dan gas coke-oven, gas blast-furnace (tanur tinggi) dan gas basic oxygen steel-furnace (tanur baja oksigen basa).

Sejak 30 tahun terakhir ini, pangsa batubara terhadap total pasokan energi primer global stabil di sekitar 25%, yang merupakan peningkatan sebesar 56% dibanding pasokan tahun 1973. Hal yang sangat menarik adalah konsumsi batubara untuk produksi listrik meningkat secara drastis, melebihi 250%, sedangkan konsumsi dari sektor rumah tangga menurun sebesar 65%. Dengan kata lain, batubara dewasa ini umumnya digunakan untuk produksi listrik dan dalam jumlah yang kecil untuk sektor industri.

Klasifikasi Batubara
Karena batubara diklasifikasi dengan bermacam cara, sering terjadi kebingungan dalam melakukan klasifikasi batubara primer, terutama yang berhubungan dengan lignit/batubara muda dan batubara subbitumen.

Menurut kandungan energinya, batubara subbitumen adalah suatu kategori yang tumpang tindih dengan batubara tua dan batubara muda. Batubara non-aglomerat yang volatil, yang kandungan energinya berkisar antara 17435 kJ/kg (4165 kcal/kg) dan 23865 kJ/kg (5700 kcal/kg) harus dilaporkan sebagai batubara subbitumen walaupun klasifikasi tersebut berbeda dari standard yang biasa berlaku pada tingkat nasional.

Lebih lanjut, batubara subbitumen dimasukkan dalam kategori “batubara tua” dan “lignit/batubara muda” oleh berbagai institusi internasional yang mengumpulkan data statistik. Pada umumnya, batubara subbitumen dengan kandungan energi di atas 18600 kJ/kg (4440 kcal/kg) dianggap sebagai batubara tua, sedangkan yang di bawah nilai tersebut dianggap sebagai lignit/batubara muda.


Jenis-Jenis Batubara

Batubara bitumen

Sekitar 300 juta tahun yang lalu, di Bumi banyak terdapat hutan lebat pada lahan basah dataran rendah. Karena proses alam seperti banjir, hutan-hutan tersebut terkubur di bawah tanah. Akibat semakin banyak tanah menutupi bagian atas mereka, mereka terkompresi. Suhu juga meningkat ketika tanaman tersebut tenggelam semakin dalam. Saat proses berlanjut, sisa tanaman tersebut dilindungi dari degradasi dan oksidasi, biasanya oleh lumpur atau air asam. Proses ini memerangkap karbon di rawa gambut yang akhirnya tertutup dan terkubur oleh sedimen. Di bawah tekanan dan suhu tinggi, vegetasi yang mati secara perlahan diubah menjadi batubara. Batubara utamanya mengandung karbon, peristiwa konversi vegetasi mati menjadi batubara disebut karbonisasi.

Jenis-jenis Batubara
Sebagaimana telah dijelaskan di atas, proses geologi memberikan tekanan pada bahan biotik mati dari waktu ke waktu. Sesuai dengan kondisi saat itu, bahan biotik mati tersebut berubah menjadi jenis-jenis batubara, berturut-turut sebagai berikut:

Peat, dianggap sebagai bentuk awal batubara, digunakan oleh industri sebagai bahan bakar di beberapa daerah, misalnya di Irlandia dan Finlandia. Dalam bentuk dehidrasinya, peat merupakan penyerap tumpahan bahan bakar dan minyak yang sangat efektif, baik di darat dan air. Peat juga digunakan sebagai kondisioner tanah agar lebih mampu mempertahankan dan perlahan-lahan melepaskan air.
Jenis batubara lignit atau batubara coklat, adalah peringkat terendah dari batubara dan digunakan hampir secara eksklusif sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit tenaga listrik. Jet adalah bentuk lignit yang kompak, yang terkadang dipoles dan telah digunakan sebagai batu hias sejak zaman Upper Palaeolithic.
Jenis batubara subbitumen, yang sifatnya berkisar diantara batubara lignit dan bitummen, digunakan umumnya sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit listrik tenaga uap dan merupakan sumber penting bagi hidrokarbon aromatik untuk industri sintesis kimia.
Jenis batubara bitumen adalah batuan sedimen padat, biasanya hitam tapi kadang-kadang coklat tua, digunakan umumnya sebagai bahan bakar di pembangkit listrik tenaga uap, dalam jumlah besar digunakan untuk aplikasi panas dan daya di sektor manufaktur, dan digunakan untuk membuat kokas.
Jenis batubara steam coal adalah kelas batubara di antara bitumen dan antrasit, dahulu sering digunakan sebagai bahan bakar lokomotif uap. Di Ameraka Serikat digunakan pada mesin uap batubara yang kecil, sebagai bahan bakar untuk pemanas air domestik
Jenis batubara antrasit, menempati ranking tertinggi batubara, adalah batubara keras hitam glossy, digunakan umumnya untuk pemanas ruang perumahan dan komersial.
Jenis batubara grafit, secara teknis rankingnya paling tinggi, tapi sulit untuk dinyalakan dan tidak umum digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Jenis batubara ini banyak digunakan pada pensil dan, ketika dijadikan bubuk, digunakan sebagai pelumas.

Kandungan Dan Sifat Batubara

Ada banyak jenis batubara. Batubara dapat dibedakan berdasarkan karakteristik fisik dan kimia yang menentukan kecocokan penggunaannya.

Batubara terutama terdiri dari karbon. Batubara juga menghasilkan zat terbang/asiri (volatile matter) ketika dipanaskan pada suhu dekomposisinya (penguraiannya). Selain itu, batubara mengandung kadar air dan bahan mineral pembentuk abu. Karbon, hidrogen, nitrogen, sulfur dan oksigen juga terdapat dalam batubara. Kombinasi dari unsur-unsur tersebut serta pangsa dari zat terbangnya, air, dan abu sangat bervariasi diantara berbagai jenis batubara.

Kandungan karbon tetap dan zat terbang yang dihasilkannya menentukan nilai energi batubara dan sifat pengokasannya dan menjadikannya mineral yang berharga di pasar dunia. Kandungan karbon tetap umumnya mempengaruhi kandungan energi dari batubara. Semakin tinggi kandungan karbon tetapnya, semakin tinggi kandungan energi dalam batubara tersebut.

Zat Terbang (Volatile Matter) adalah bagian sampel batubara yang kering udara (air dried) yang dikeluarkan dalam bentuk gas selama tes pemanasan standar. Zat terbang merupakan unsur positif untuk batubara termal tapi dapat menjadi sesuatu yang negatif untuk batubara kokas.
Abu adalah ampas yang tersisa setelah pembakaran sempurna semua bahan batubara organik dan dekomposisi bahan mineral yang terdapat dalam batubara. Semakin tinggi kandungan abu, maka semakin rendah kualitas batubara. Kandungan abu yang tinggi berarti nilai kalorinya lebih rendah (kandungan energi per ton batubara) dan peningkatan biaya transportasi.

Sebagian besar batubara yang diekspor dicuci terlebih untuk mengurangi kandungan abu (beneficiation) dan memastikan kualitas yang konsisten.
Kandungan (kadar) air menunjukan jumlah air yang ada dalam batubara. Biaya transportasi meningkat dengan meningkatnya kadar air. Kelebihan kadar air dapat dibuang setelah beneficiation pada fasilitas preparasi, namun hal ini akan meningkatkan biaya pengolahan.
Adanya kandungan sulfur meningkatkan biaya operasi dan pemeliharaan bagi pengguna akhir (end-user). Jumlah sulfur yang tinggi menyebabkan korosi dan emisi dari sulfur dioksida pada produsen baja dan pembangkit tenaga listrik. Kadar sulfur yang rendah pada batubara tidak memerlukan instalasi alat desulfurisasi untuk memenuhi peraturan emisi yang ada.


Batubara di belahan bumi selatan umumnya memiliki kandungan sulfur yang rendah dibandingkan dengan batubara di belahan bumi utara.

Dalam sistem peringkat, batubara berperingkat tinggi mempunyai tingkat kelembapan dan penguapan lebih rendah. Batubara peringkat tinggi juga cenderung memiliki kandungan karbon lebih tinggi dan kandungan energi yang tetap.

Sifat batubara lainnya seperti grindability (ketergerusan), vitrinite reflectance (pemantulan vitrinit) dan crucible swelling number (indeks muai bebas) merupakan faktor penting ketika kita akan melakukan penilaian kualitas batubara. Umumnya, batubara berperingkat tinggi memiliki kualitas kokas yang tinggi. Batubara kokas tidak banyak tersedia dibandingkan batubara termal, sehingga harganya lebih mahal.

Fakta-Fakta Energi Batubara

Fakta-fakta umum mengenai energi batubara:

Batubara adalah sumber energi tak terbarukan.
Batubara, bersama minyak dan gas alam merupakan bahan bakar fosil.
Batubara terbentuk sekitar 300 juta tahun yang lalu.
Batubara adalah batuan sedimen yang mudah terbakar dan kebanyakan berwarna hitam, sebagian besar terdiri dari karbon dan hidrokarbon.
Batubara membutuhkan jutaan tahun untuk terbentuk dan karenanya ia digolongkan sebagai sumber energi tak terbarukan.
Pertambangan batubara menggunakan dua metode: tambang permukaan dan tambang bawah tanah, pertambangan permukaan merupakan metode yang lebih dominan karena lebih murah daripada pertambangan bawah tanah.
Batubara sebagian besar diangkut dengan kereta api.
Batubara, sebagaimana bahan bakar fosil lainnya, juga tidak dapat diterima secara ekologis karena alasan CO2 dan pemanasan global.
Batubara diklasifikasikan menjadi empat jenis utama: lignit, subbitumen, bitumem, antrasit, dan ranking batubara ditentukan oleh jumlah karbon yang dikandungnya.
Batubara utamanya digunakan untuk menghasilkan listrik.
Batubara biasanya memiliki dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, pertambangan dapat merusak air tanah dan permukaan, dan ketika batubara dibakar sebagai bahan bakar ia melepaskan CO2 yang merupakan gas rumah kaca utama yang menyebabkan pemanasan global.
Batubara disebut sumber energi "kotor" karena dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan.
Batubara bisa menjadi bahan bakar global yang paling menarik di tahun-tahun mendatang berkat metode pemurnian batubara yang menghasilkan batubara yang lebih bersih, menghilangkan sulfur dan unsur-unsur berbahaya lainnya.
Batubara digunakan pada skala besar di China dan Amerika Serikat.
Batubara dapat menjadi jawaban untuk masa depan hanya jika teknologi batubara "ultra-bersih" memungkinkan.
Batubara harus relatif kering sebelum dapat dibakar dengan baik.
Konsumsi batubara dunia lebih dari 5,3 miliar ton per tahun yang tiga perempatnya digunakan untuk pembangkit listrik.
Batubara sudah digunakan sejak zaman Perunggu (Inggris).
Total pangsa batubara dalam produksi listrik dunia sekitar 40%.
Tambang batubara bisa cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi dunia saat ini untuk 300 tahun ke depan.
Batubara mendapatkan perhatian lebih karena kenaikan harga minyak dan gas alam.
Batubara dapat dikonversi, seperti untuk bahan bakar bensin atau solar dengan beberapa proses yang berbeda seperti misalnya proses Fischer-Tropsch, proses Bergius dan proses Karrick.
Cadangan Batubara total kira-kira sekitar 998 miliar ton.
Batubara ditambang di lebih dari 100 negara.
Eksportir batubara besar adalah Australia dengan lebih dari 240 juta ton per tahun.
Batubara adalah alasan utama pertumbuhan ekonomi China dan juga menjadi masalah lingkungan di China.


Fakta-Fakta Mengenai Bahan Bakar Fosil (dan Batubara)

Bahan bakar fosil dibentuk oleh dekomposisi anaerobik dari sisa-sisa organisme, termasuk fitoplankton dan zooplankton yang menetap di laut (atau danau) dalam jumlah besar pada kondisi anoxic, jutaan tahun yang lalu.
Bahan bakar fosil adalah minyak, batubara dan gas alam. Pada tahun 2006 sumber energi utama terdiri dari minyak bumi 36,8%, batubara 26,6%, dan gas alam 22,9%, pangsa bahan bakar fosil mencapai 86% dalam produksi energi primer di dunia.
Minyak mentah itu berbau, merupakan cairan kuning-ke-hitam dan biasanya ditemukan di daerah bawah tanah yang disebut reservoir. Para ilmuwan dan insinyur menjelajahi area yang dipilih dengan mempelajari sampel batuan bumi. Pengukuran diambil, dan, jika situs tampaknya menjanjikan, pengeboran dimulai.
Batubara adalah batuan sedimen mudah terbakar berwarna hitam atau hitam kecoklatan, biasanya terbentuk pada lapisan batuan di lapisan pembuluh atau disebut jalur batubara.
Gas alam adalah gas yang terutama terdiri dari metana. Gas ini ditemukan terkait dengan bahan bakar fosil, di jalur batubara, seperti metana clathrates, dan dihasilkan oleh organisme metanogen di rawa-rawa, kolam dan tempat pembuangan sampah.
Bahan bakar fosil adalah sumber daya tak terbarukan karena mereka memerlukan jutaan tahun untuk terbentuk, dan cadangannya akan habis jauh lebih cepat daripada yang baru akan terbentuk.
Semua bahan bakar fosil terbuat dari hidrokarbon. Hidrokarbon menyimpan energi dalam bentuk ikatan atom. Energi yang tersimpan dalam hidrokarbon dapat dilepaskan sangat mudah - kita hanya perlu membakar mereka.
Ketika bahan bakar fosil dibakar, karbon dan hidrogen bereaksi dengan oksigen di udara membentuk karbon dioksida (CO2) dan air (H2O). Selama reaksi ini, panas dilepaskan yang selanjutnya akan menguatkan reaksi.
Salah satu manfaat terbesar dari bahan bakar fosil adalah biaya mereka. Batubara, minyak dan gas alam masih melimpah sekarang dan relatif murah untuk dibor atau ditambang.
Pada penggunaan saat ini, pasokan batubara akan bertahan 1500 tahun. Namun pada tingkat pertumbuhan 5% pasokan batubara akan bertahan hanya 86 tahun. Kita bisa meramalkan penggunaannya akan lebih besar karena bahan bakar fosil lainnya menjadi langka.
Batubara menghasilkan energi tergantung pada berapa banyak karbon yang terkandung di dalamnya. Antrasit adalah karbon 95% dan berumur sekitar 300 juta tahun. Lignit adalah karbon 25% berumur sekitar 150 juta tahun.
Untuk menyalankan bola lampu 100 watt selama 24 jam-sehari selama satu tahun kita perlu menggunakan sekitar 714 pon (325 kg) batubara dari pembangkit listrik batubara (efisiensi termal dari pembangkit listrik tersebut biasanya sekitar 40%).
Bahan bakar fosil juga bertanggung jawab dalam menjalankan sistem transportasi kita. Bahan bakar berbasis minyak bumi umumnya digunakan.
Pembakaran bahan bakar fosil menjadi isu lingkungan yang hangat pada agenda politik dewasa ini. Contohnya, yang mendapat perhatian besar, adalah akumulasi gas rumah kaca, hujan asam, polusi udara, polusi air, kerusakan permukaan tanah dan tingkat ozon tanah.

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